Table 1.
Study population baseline characteristics, background therapies, and presence of key three endpoints
| Trial name and author | Study duration (weeks) | Intervention | Mean age (SD), years | Female, % | White, % | Mean disease duration (SD), years | Mean HbA1c (SD), % | Mean HbA1c (mmol/mol) | Mean bodyweight (SD), kg | Mean BMI (SD), kg/m2 | Background therapy, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exenatide 10 µg twice daily vs insulin glargine | |||||||||||
| Bunck 2009 | 52 | Exenatide1 | 58.4 (−) | 36.1 | – | 5.7 (−) | 7.6 (−) | 60 | 90.6 (−) | 30.9 (−) | MET (100%) |
| Glargine | 58.3 (−) | 33.3 | – | 4.0 (−) | 7.4 (−) | 57 | 92.4 (−) | 30.1 (−) | |||
| HEELA (Davies 2009) | 26 | Exenatide | 56.8 (10.2) | 29.7 | – | 9.0 (4.6) | 8.7 (0.7) | 72 | 101.4 (19.8) | 34.6 (5.7) | Double/triple therapy MET ± SU ± TZD |
| Glargine | 56.2 (7.9) | 33.6 | – | 8.4 (4.4) | 8.5 (0.7) | 69 | 97.6 (16.4) | 33.7 (4.9) | |||
| Heine 2005 | 26 | Exenatide | 59.8 (8.8) | 45.0 | 80 | 9.9 (6.0) | 8.2 (1.0) | 66 | 87.5 (16.9) | 31.4 (4.4) | MET + SU (100%) |
| Glargine | 58.0 (9.5) | 43.4 | 81 | 9.2 (5.7) | 8.3 (1.0) | 67 | 88.3 (17.9) | 31.3 (4.6) | |||
| Gurkan 2014 | 26 | Exenatide | 52.2 (7.3) | 70.0 | – | 6.9 (3.3) | 8.0 (0.8) | 64 | 94.3 (11.8) | 35.9 (3.7) | MET (100%) |
| Glargine | 53.1 (7.0) | 58.8 | – | 7.6 (4.3) | 8.1 (0.8) | 65 | 90.5 (14.3) | 33.2 (4.5) | |||
| Barnett 2007 | 32 | Exenatide | 54.5 (−) | 51.5 | – | 6.6 (−) | 8.9 (−) | 74 | 85.6 (−) | 31.3 (−) | MET (55%‐56%) or SU (44%‐46%) |
| Glargine | 55.3 (−) | 54.3 | – | 8.3 (−) | 9.0 (−) | 75 | 84.0 (−) | 30.9 (−) | |||
| Exenatide 2 mg once weekly vs insulin glargine | |||||||||||
| DURATION‐3 (Diamant 2010, 2014) | 156 | Exenatide | 58.0 (10.0) | 48.0 | 82 | 8.0 (6.0) | 8.3 (1.1) | 67 | 91.2 (18.6) | 32.3 (5.4) | MET (70%) |
| Glargine | 58.0 (9.0) | 45.0 | 85 | 7.8 (6.0) | 8.3 (1.0) | 67 | 90.6 (16.4) | 32.3 (4.8) | |||
| Inagaki 2012 | 62 | Exenatide | 57.1 (10.4) | 34.0 | 02 | 8.9 (6.1) | 8.5 (0.8) | 69 | 70.0 (13.3) | 26.1 (4.03) | MET (67%), BG + TZD (33%) |
| Glargine | 56.4 (11.2) | 30.2 | 02 | 9.2 (6.0) | 8.5 (0.8) | 69 | 71.0 (13.9) | 26.2 (3.8) | |||
| Exenatide 2 mg once weekly vs insulin detemir | |||||||||||
| Davies 2013 | 30 | Exenatide | 59.0 (10.0) | 36.0 | 94 | 8.0 (6.0) | 8.4 (0.9) | 68 | 96.7 (17.0) | 33.7 (4.7) | MET (100%) + SU (70%‐72%) |
| Detemir | 58.0 (10.0) | 31.0 | 97 | 7.0 (5.0) | 8.4 (0.9) | 68 | 97.9 (15.8) | 33.7 (4.7) | |||
| Liraglutide 1.8 mg once daily vs insulin glargine | |||||||||||
| EAGLE (D'Alessio 2015) | 24 | Liraglutide | 57.4 (8.9) | 44.0 | – | – | 9.1 (1.1) | 76 | 90.1 (16.7) | 31.8 (4.1) | MET + SU3 |
| Glargine | 57.1 (8.8) | 47.3 | – | – | 9.0 (1.0) | 75 | 90.8 (16.6) | 32.0 (4.2) | |||
| LEAD‐5 (Russell‐Jones 2009) | 26 | Liraglutide | 57.6 (9.5) | 43.0 | – | 9.2 (5.8) | 8.3 (0.9) | 67 | 85.5 (19.4) | 30.4 (5.3) | MET + SU (94%‐95%) |
| Glargine | 57.5 (10.5) | 40.0 | – | 9.7 (6.4) | 8.2 (0.9) | 66 | 85.0 (17.9) | 30.3 (5.3) | |||
| Liraglutide 1.8 mg once daily vs insulin degludec | |||||||||||
| DUAL‐I (Gough 2014, 2015) | 52 | Liraglutide | 55.0 (10.2) | 50.0 | 62 | 7.2 (6.1) | 8.3 (0.9) | 67 | 87.4 (18.0) | 31.3 (4.8) | MET (82%‐83%), MET + TZD (17%‐18%) |
| Degludec | 54.9 (9.7) | 52.0 | 62 | 7.0 (5.3) | 8.3 (1.0) | 67 | 87.4 (19.2) | 31.2 (5.3) | |||
| Albiglutide 30 mg once weekly vs insulin glargine | |||||||||||
| HARMONY4 (Weissman 2014) | 156 | Albiglutide | 55.8 (9.3) | 43.3 | 69 | 8.9 (6.5) | 8.3 (0.9) | 67 | 95.1 (19.7) | 33.2 (5.6) | MET + SU (82%) |
| Glargine | 54.7 (9.8) | 45.2 | 66 | 8.4 (5.7) | 8.4 (1.0) | 68 | 94.6 (19.1) | 33.0 (5.4) | |||
| Dulaglutide once weekly vs insulin glargine | |||||||||||
| AWARD‐2 (Giorgino 2015) | 78 | Dulaglutide 0.75 mg | 57.0 (9.0) | 50.0 | 71 | 9.0 (6.0) | 8.1 (1.0) | 65 | 86.0 (18.0) | 32.0 (5.0) | MET + SU (65%‐68%) |
| Dulaglutide 1.5 mg | 56.0 (10.0) | 47.0 | 71 | 9.0 (6.0) | 8.2 (1.0) | 66 | 85.0 (18.0) | 31.0 (5.0) | |||
| Glargine | 57.0 (9.0) | 49.0 | 70 | 9.0 (6.0) | 8.1 (1.0) | 65 | 88.0 (20.0) | 32.0 (6.0) | |||
| Araki 2015 | 34 | Dulaglutide 0.75 mg | 57.5 (10.5) | 31.0 | 02 | 8.9 (6.7) | 8.1 (0.8) | 65 | 70.9 (13.7) | 26.1 (3.6) | MET ± SU4 |
| Glargine | 56.1 (11.3) | 26.0 | 02 | 8.8 (6.1) | 8.0 (0.9) | 64 | 71.1 (13.8) | 25.9 (3.9) | |||
| Lixisenatide versus insulin glargine | |||||||||||
| LixiLan‐O (Rosenstock 2016) | Lixisenatide 20 µg | 58.7 (8.7) | 43.2 | 92.3 | 8.9 (6.3) | 8.1 (0.7) | 65 | 90.8 (16.3) | 32.0 (4.4) | MET | |
| 30 | Glargine | 58.3 (9.4) | 49.3 | 90.1 | 8.7 (5.6) | 8.1 (0.7) | 65 | 89.8 (16.3) | 31.7 (4.5) | ||
Abbreviations: BG, biguanine; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; MET, metformin; SD, standard deviation; SU, sulfonylurea; TZD, thiazolidinedione.
1
The majority of participants received exenatide 10 µg twice daily.
2
Trial conducted in a Japanese population.
3
Insulin glargine arm: MET = 99.6%, SU = 67.5%, SUs taken by 60% of participants at baseline and reduced to 49% at 24 weeks, liraglutide arm: MET = 99.8%, SU = 68.3%, SUs taken by 63% of participants at baseline and reduced to 48% at 24 weeks. SUs were reduced or discontinued at investigators discretion.
4
Dulaglutide arm: SU monotherapy (19%), MET monotherapy (35%), SU + MET (46%). Insulin glargine arm: SU monotherapy (18%), MET monotherapy (37%), SU + MET (45%).