. 2017 Jan 17;71(1):e12900. doi: 10.1111/ijcp.12900

Table 5.

Adjusted means examining effect of smoking status on WPAI‐GH after controlling for demographic and health characteristics^a

	Current smoker (A)						Trying to quit (B)			Former smoker (C)					Never smoker (D)
	Mean	SE	95% CI	P‐value A vs B	P‐value A vs C	P‐value A vs D	Mean	SE	95% CI	Mean	SE	95% CI	P‐value C vs B	P‐value C vs D	Mean	SE	95% CI
US
Absenteeism %^b	4.06	0.27	3.57‐4.61	.02	.003	<.001	5.24	0.47	4.40‐6.24	3.18	0.16	2.88‐3.50	<.001	.121	2.90	0.09	2.73‐3.08
Presenteeism %^b	16.78	0.43	15.95‐17.66	.006	<.001	<.001	18.89	0.66	17.63‐20.24	13.16	0.25	12.67‐15.73	<.001	<.001	12.15	0.14	11.87‐12.43
Overall work Impairment %^b	18.82	0.48	17.91‐19.78	.003	<.001	<.001	21.40	0.74	20.00‐22.90	15.16	0.29	14.60‐13.67	<.001	<.001	13.94	0.16	13.63‐14.26
Activity impairment %	25.47	0.39	24.71‐26.25	.010	<.001	<.001	27.23	0.57	26.13‐28.38	20.84	0.25	20.36‐21.32	<.001	<.001	18.87	0.14	18.60‐19.15
EU5
Absenteeism %^b	5.68	0.24	5.23‐6.16	<.001	.003	.035	7.56	0.55	6.56‐8.72	4.80	0.18	4.46‐5.18	<.001	.219	5.10	0.15	4.81‐5.40
Presenteeism %^b	17.58	0.30	17.00‐18.19	<.001	<.001	<.001	21.17	0.64	19.96‐22.45	14.95	0.24	14.49‐15.42	<.001	.003	15.86	0.19	15.49‐16.24
Overall work impairment %^b	20.97	0.35	20.29‐21.67	<.001	<.001	<.001	25.49	0.74	24.07‐26.99	18.27	0.28	17.72‐18.83	<.001	.017	19.14	0.23	18.70‐19.59
Activity impairment %	24.91	0.29	24.34‐25.49	<.001	<.001	<.001	28.51	0.57	27.42‐29.64	22.23	0.23	21.78‐22.69	<.001	.824	22.16	0.18	21.81‐22.52
China
Absenteeism %^b	8.35	0.38	7.64‐9.12	.001	<.001	<.001	10.62	0.63	9.45‐11.92	5.20	0.27	4.71‐5.76	<.001	.991	5.21	0.12	4.97‐5.46
Presenteeism %^b	26.93	0.54	25.89‐28.02	<.001	<.001	<.001	32.92	0.86	31.29‐34.65	23.20	0.53	22.19‐24.25	<.001	.859	23.30	0.25	22.83‐23.79
Overall work impairment %^b	30.88	0.61	29.71‐32.09	<.001	<.001	<.001	37.95	0.97	36.09‐39.91	26.30	0.58	25.18‐27.46	<.001	.733	26.07	0.27	25.56‐26.60
Activity impairment %	27.06	0.50	26.09‐28.06	<.001	<.001	<.001	32.77	0.79	31.25‐34.36	23.87	0.49	22.92‐24.85	<.001	.847	23.97	0.22	23.54‐24.41

SE, standard error; CI, confidence interval. ^aCovariates included: age, ethnicity (for US only), education, BMI category and CCI. ^bAsked only of the employed population. For US: Yes, I smoke (N=4382), Trying to quit (N=2329), No, I quit (N=7900), and Never smoked (N=20 713). For EU5: Yes, I smoke (N=7230), Trying to quit (N=2414), No, I quit (N=8665) and Never smoked (N=14 850). For China: Yes, I smoke (N=2488), Trying to quit (N=1423), No, I quit (N=1904) and Never smoked (N=9238).