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. 2017 Feb 9;8:70. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00070

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Copyright © 2017 Hessel, Lindstedt and Nishikawa.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Winding filament hypothesis. (A) Upon Ca²⁺ influx, N2A titin (red) binds to thin filaments (blue). (B) Cross-bridges (purple) wind PEVK titin (green) on thin filaments in active muscles. As shown, all titins in the same half-sarcomere must wind in the same direction around actin filaments. Reproduced with permission from Nishikawa et al. (2012).