Table 1.
Prevalence and incidence of frailty by blood glucose status
| Prevalence of frailty | Incidence of Frailty | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-diabetes (n = 6410) N (%) |
Pre-diabetes (n = 875) N (%) |
Diabetes (n = 2634) N (%) |
P value | Non-diabetes (n = 4019) N (%) |
Pre-diabetes (n = 573) N (%) |
Diabetes (n = 1575) N (%) |
P value | |
| Overall | 764 (11.92) | 100 (11.43) | 509 (19.32) | <.0001 | 283 (7.04) | 50 (8.73) | 194 (12.32) | <.0001 |
| Residence | ||||||||
| Urban | 722 (14.51) | 91 (14.70) | 483 (22.2) | <.0001 | 247 (7.76) | 45 (10.71) | 184 (14.10) | <.0001 |
| Rural | 42 (2.93) | 9 (3.52) | 26 (5.62) | 0.0254 | 36 (4.31) | 5 (3.27) | 10 (3.70) | 0.7925 |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 249 (9.97) | 29 (8.12) | 160 (16.39) | <.0001 | 95 (5.82) | 21 (8.57) | 61 (9.65) | 0.0038 |
| Female | 515 (13.16) | 71 (13.71) | 349 (21.05) | <.0001 | 188 (7.87) | 29 (8.84) | 133 (14.10) | <.0001 |
| Age group | ||||||||
| 55–64 | 70 (3.84) | 8 (3.00) | 51 (8.12) | <.0001 | 33 (2.76) | 8 (4.44) | 19 (4.62) | 0.1370 |
| 65–74 | 285 (10.51) | 41 (11.17) | 2013 (17.67) | <.0001 | 114 (6.36) | 23 (9.24) | 81 (11.22) | 0.0002 |
| 75–84 | 362 (21.17) | 41 (18.64) | 234 (28.85) | <.0001 | 116 (12.17) | 18 (13.14) | 86 (20.33) | 0.0003 |
| ≥85 | 47 (28.83) | 10 (47.62) | 22 (42.31) | 0.0712 | 20 (25.32) | 1 (14.29) | 8 (42.11) | 0.2433 |
| Coexisting co-morbidity | ||||||||
| 0 | 16 (0.78) | 1 (0.39) | 11 (1.99) | 0.0237 | 42 (3.09) | 7 (4.09) | 29 (7.55) | 0.0005 |
| 1–2 | 356 (10.27) | 43 (8.65) | 200 (13.55) | 0.0007 | 174 (7.69) | 31 (8.88) | 95 (9.88) | 0.1164 |
| ≥3 | 392 (43.56) | 56 (45.90) | 298 (49.34) | 0.0877 | 67 (16.92) | 12 (22.64) | 70 (30.57) | 0.0004 |
| Polypharmacy/day | ||||||||
| 0–3 | 409 (7.70) | 45 (6.25) | 149 (9.19) | 0.0353 | 206 (5.97) | 41 (8.47) | 116 (10.84) | <.0001 |
| ≥4 | 354 (33.24) | 55 (36.67) | 359 (36.19) | 0.3299 | 75 (13.69) | 9 (10.59) | 74 (15.04) | 0.5210 |
| Anti-diabetic medication | ||||||||
| Never | / | / | 68 (10.86) | / | / | 36 (8.82) | 0.1794 | |
| Occasionally | / | / | 11 (22.00) | / | / | 5 (15.63) | ||
| Regularly | / | / | 430 (21.96) | / | / | 153 (13.48) | ||
| BMI status | ||||||||
| <19 | 58 (22.75) | 4 (23.53) | 19 (30.65) | 0.4275 | 12 (9.30) | 0 | 1 (2.94) | 0.3112 |
| 19–28 | 547 (10.61) | 64 (9.61) | 373 (18.18) | <.0001 | 224 (6.85) | 34 (7.71) | 148 (11.94) | <.0001 |
| ≥28 | 154 (15.88) | 32 (17.11) | 114 (22.53) | 0.0065 | 47 (7.83) | 16 (13.33) | 43 (14.68) | 0.0040 |
| Hours of outdoor activity/day | ||||||||
| 0 | 93 (32.18) | 13 (28.26) | 57 (43.18) | 0.0545 | 7 (5.74) | 4 (15.38) | 4/49 (8.16) | 0.2389 |
| <0.5 h | 171 (15.21) | 26 (16.05) | 127 (26.19) | <.0001 | 51 (7.10) | 16 (14.16) | 44 (15.88) | <.0001 |
| 0.5–1 h | 353 (12.32) | 46 (13.03) | 227 (18.49) | <.0001 | 146 (7.71) | 20 (8.62) | 93 (12.13) | 0.0014 |
| 2–3 h | 125 (8.09) | 13 (5.99) | 83 (13.65) | <.0001 | 58 (6.24) | 10 (7.04) | 43 (11.75) | 0.0036 |
| ≥4 h | 22 (3.88) | 2 (2.13) | 15 (8.47) | 0.0189 | 21 (6.12) | 0 (0) | 10 (8.93) | 0.0680 |
| Doing or helping with house work | ||||||||
| Never | 160 (22.22) | 23 (20.18) | 116 (29.90) | 0.0096 | 33 (9.02) | 6 (10.53) | 31 (15.82) | 0.0517 |
| Occasionally | 252 (11.09) | 41 (12.89) | 173 (18.21) | <.0001 | 111 (7.61) | 22 (10.38) | 73 (12.56) | 0.0017 |
| Regularly | 352 (10.30) | 36 (8.13) | 220 (16.98) | <.0001 | 139 (6.34) | 22 (7.24) | 90 (11.28) | <.0001 |