Table 2.
Backward elimination variable selection method to investigate if the elevated blood glucose (pre-diabetes and diabetes) frail population shared common risk factors as other frail population at baseline
| Prevalence of frailty in pre-diabetic and diabetic subjects (n = 3509) | Prevalence of frailty in subjects with normal blood glucose (n = 6530) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adj. OR | (95%CI) | P value | Adj. OR | (95%CI) | P value | |
| Male vs female | / | / | / | 0.66 | (0.50,0.87) | 0.0031 |
| Currently married vs not | 0.60 | (0.43,0.85) | 0.0041 | 0.66 | (0.50,0.88) | 0.0052 |
| Urban vs rural | 2.29 | (1.30,4.05) | 0.0022 | 3.07 | (1.85,5.09) | <.0001 |
| Age group | ||||||
| 55–64 | / | / | / | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 65–74 | / | / | / | 1.60 | (1.09,2.37) | 0.0649 |
| 75–84 | / | / | / | 2.33 | (1.56,3.49) | 0.1907 |
| ≥85 | / | / | / | 4.25 | (2.04,8.83) | 0.0026 |
| Low education vs higher | 1.60 | (1.18,2.15) | 0.0022 | / | / | / |
| Not regular lifestyle vs regular | 4.74 | (2.02,11.14) | 0.0004 | / | / | / |
| Not Regularly drinking milk vs regular | 1.61 | (1.19,2.18) | 0.0020 | / | / | / |
| Less than 6 h/day sleep vs more sleep | 1.56 | (1.11,2.20) | 0.0100 | 1.48 | (1.12,1.96) | 0.0053 |
| Number of comorbiditya | ||||||
| 0 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 1–2 | 6.33 | (2.70,14.80) | 0.8612 | 11.82 | (5.49, 25.42) | 0.0489 |
| ≥3 | 43.56 | (18.40,103.16) | <.0001 | 60.46 | (27.72, 131.88) | <.0001 |
| Polypharmacy ≥4 types/day |
3.44 | (2.57,4.62) | <.0001 | 2.50 | (1.93,3.22) | <.0001 |
| Hours of outdoor activity daily | ||||||
| None | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 0.5–1 h | 0.31 | (0.17,0.54) | 0.3381 | 0.26 | (0.17, 0.41) | 0.0660 |
| 2–3 h | 0.24 | (0.12,0.45) | 0.0247 | 0.229 | (0.14, 0.38) | 0.0129 |
| ≥4 h | 0.20 | (0.08,0.50) | 0.0559 | 0.190 | (0.09,0.40) | 0.0291 |
| Doing or helping with house work | ||||||
| Never | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Occasionally | 0.80 | (0.52,1.24) | 0.6714 | 0.66 | (0.44, 0.97) | 0.9925 |
| Regularly | 0.56 | (0.37,0.85) | 0.0029 | 0.43 | (0.29, 0.63) | <.0001 |
aNumber of comorbidity include any of the 11 chronic conditions in the FI