Table 2. Proposed criteria for definition of Nakalanga syndrome compared to criteria for definition of a probable case of Nodding syndrome consented in Kampala 2012 (adapted from ref. [26,33]).

Proposed criteria for Nakalanga syndrome	Consented criteria for Nodding syndrome
Major criteria (obligatory)	Major criteria
1. Born healthy	1. Reported head nodding in a previously healthy person
2. Onset in childhood	2. Age 3–18 y at onset of head nodding
3. No alternative explanatory condition	3. Nodding frequency 5–20 times/min
4. Plus, one or several symptoms of developmental disturbance:
a) Stunting, growth failure
b) Wasting, emaciation
c) Retardation of sexual development
d) Mental impairment
Minor criteria (additional)	Minor criteria
5. Facial dysmorphia: small and protuberant mandible, large lips, protruding front teeth	4. Other neurological abnormalities (cognitive, school dropout, other seizures, or neurological abnormalities)
6. Kyphoscoliosis	5. Clustering in space or time with similar cases
7. Epileptic seizures	6. Delayed sexual or physical development
8. Occurrence of similar cases in the surroundings	7. Psychiatric manifestations