Skip to main content
. 2017 Feb 9;11(2):e0005201. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005201

Table 3. Clinical features of Nakalanga syndrome according to the proposed definition found in patients with Nodding syndrome.

Publication [Reference] Agei Clinical Features
At onset of NS / at examination Stunting Wasting Delayed Puberty Mental Retardation Facial Dysmorphia Kyphosis Scoliosis Epileptic seizures other than head nodding
South Sudan
Lacey [20] ii n. r.iii / 18 +iv,v + iv,v n. r. iii +iv n. r. iii n. r. iii +iv
Nyungera et al. [45] n. r.iii / 15 + iv,v + iv,v n. r. iii +iv n. r. iii n. r. iii +iv
Tumwine et al. [21] 12 / 12 + iv,v + iv,v +4 +iv n. r. iii n. r. iii +iv
De Polo et al. [53] 9 / 12 n. r. iii n. r. iii n. r. all, different degree n. r. iii n. r. iii all
Northern Uganda
Idro et al. [24] 6 / 14 9/22 casesv 16/22 casesv n. r. iii 10/22 severely impaired 5/22 unspecified lip changes 1/22 kyphosis 18/22 cases
Sejvar et al. [23] 8 / 12 n. r. iii n. r. iii n. r. iii test score of cases lower than controlsvi n. r. iii n. r. iii 6/23 cases
Kitara et al.[49] 11 / 13 n. r. iii +v n. r. iii school failure n. r. iii n. r. iii +iv
Piloya-Were et al. [50] 7 / 15 -2.41vii (-0.10–-4.04) n. r. iii obvious delayviii n. r. iii n. r. iii n. r. iii 5/8 cases
Southern Tanzania
Winkler et al. [44] n.r. iii / 14 n. r. iii n. r. iii n. r. iii 12/62 impaired n. r. iii n. r. iii 34/62 cases
Spencer et al. [28] 10 / 13 11/33 with small stature 18/33 poorly nourished n. r. iii 8/33 impaired n. r. iii n. r. iii 29/33 cases
Western Uganda
Kaiser et al. [29]ii 7 / 15 z-scoreix -7.3 n. r. iii infantile at age of 15 years severely impaired n. r. iii not present present

i median age in years

ii case report

iii n. r. = not reported

iv + = feature reported without more specific information

v no anthropometrical data reported

vi clinical neurological assessment in 23 cases; Neurocognitive evaluation in 65 pairs of children and controls

vii median (range) of z-score for height-for-age (stunting) referring to 2000 CDC growth standard [61]. http://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/cdc_charts.htm

viii Tanner maturity stage (TS) for breast or testis development in eight patients aged 13 to 18 years: TS1 in two patients (infantile), TS2 in five, TS3 in one

ix z-score for height-for-age (stunting) referring to 1977 NCHS growth standard [62]. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_11/sr11_165.pdf