Table 2. Characteristics of the study population by mode of delivery.
| Indicated CD | Non-indicated CD | Overall CS | Vaginal delivery | Overall Vaginal | Total number of | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antepartum | Intrapartum | Antepartum | Intrapartum | Spontaneous | Operative | deliveries | |||
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |
| Primiparous | |||||||||
| No | 5202 (27.0) | 3381 (19.3) | 1819 (9.4) | 222 (6.8) | 10624 (17.9) | 9571 (19.9) | 92 (7.2) | 9663 (19.5) | 20287 (18.6) |
| Yes | 14040 (73.0) | 14133 (80.7) | 17589 (90.6) | 3029 (93.2) | 48791 (82.1) | 38587 (80.1) | 1182 (92.8) | 39769 (80.5) | 88560 (81.4) |
| Maternal age | |||||||||
| <21 | 401 (2.1) | 435 (2.5) | 645 (3.4) | 50 (1.5) | 1531 (2.6) | 1815 (3.8) | 23 (1.8) | 1838 (3.7) | 3369 (3.1) |
| 21–34 | 15955 (83.6) | 15100 (86.7) | 16149 (84.0) | 2637 (81.6) | 49841 (84.5) | 42851 (89.6) | 1160 (91.4) | 44011 (89.6) | 93852 (86.9) |
| >34 | 2729 (14.3) | 1885 (10.8) | 2425 (12.6) | 543 (16.8) | 7582 (12.9) | 3172 (6.6) | 86 (6.8) | 3258 (6.6) | 10840 (10.0) |
| Mean (SD) | 29.2 (4.9) | 28.6 (4.7) | 28.4 (5.0) | 29.5 (4.8) | 28.8 (4.9) | 27.5 (4.4) | 28.7 (3.9) | 27.5 (4.4) | 28.2 (4.7) |
| Education | |||||||||
| College or higher | 9962 (53.6) | 8335 (49.3) | 9911 (52.2) | 1906 (60.4) | 30114 (52.2) | 23680 (51.5) | 752 (60.1) | 24432 (51.7) | 54546 (52.0) |
| High school | 5225 (28.1) | 4555 (27.0) | 5522 (29.1) | 777 (24.6) | 16079 (27.9) | 12495 (27.2) | 366 (29.2) | 12861 (27.2) | 28940 (27.6) |
| Primary school | 3363 (18.1) | 3950 (23.4) | 3520 (18.5) | 468 (14.8) | 11301 (19.6) | 9697 (21.1) | 134 (10.7) | 9831 (20.8) | 21132 (20.2) |
| Illiterate | 44 (0.2) | 51 (0.3) | 45 (0.2) | 5 (0.2) | 145 (0.3) | 101 (0.2) | 0 (0) | 101 (0.2) | 246 (0.2) |
| Hospital Level | |||||||||
| Secondary | 4849 (25.2) | 3546 (20.2) | 7346 (37.9) | 732 (22.5) | 16473 (27.7) | 15639 (32.5) | 117 (9.2) | 15756 (31.9) | 32229 (29.6) |
| Tertiary | 14393 (74.8) | 13968 (79.8) | 12062 (62.1) | 2519 (77.5) | 42942 (72.3) | 32519 (67.5) | 1157 (90.8) | 33676 (68.1) | 76618 (70.4) |
| Resident local | |||||||||
| Migrant | 6252 (32.5) | 5538 (31.6) | 6139 (31.6) | 611 (18.8) | 18540 (31.2) | 14426 (30.0) | 471 (37.0) | 14897 (30.1) | 33437 (30.7) |
| Local | 12990 (67.5) | 11976 (68.4) | 13269 (68.4) | 2640 (81.2) | 40875 (68.8) | 33732 (70.0) | 803 (63.0) | 34535 (69.9) | 75410 (69.3) |
| Obesity | |||||||||
| No | 11472 (73.1) | 11791 (79.2) | 12936 (81.8) | 1899 (79.6) | 38098 (78.1) | 35768 (87.8) | 978 (87.3) | 36746 (87.8) | 74844 (82.6) |
| Yes | 4228 (26.9) | 3089 (20.8) | 2884 (18.2) | 487 (20.4) | 10688 (21.9) | 4954 (12.2) | 142 (12.7) | 5096 (12.2) | 15784 (17.4) |
| Bad OB history | |||||||||
| No | 19038 (98.9) | 17273 (98.6) | 19297 (99.4) | 3219 (99.0) | 58827 (99.0) | 47784 (99.2) | 1265 (99.3) | 49049 (99.2) | 107876 (99.1) |
| Yes | 204 (1.1) | 241 (1.4) | 111 (0.6) | 32 (1.0) | 588 (1.0) | 374 (0.8) | 9 (0.7) | 383 (0.8) | 971 (0.9) |
| Male fetus | |||||||||
| No | 8542 (44.4) | 7888 (45.0) | 8569 (44.2) | 1407 (43.3) | 26406 (44.4) | 22511 (46.7) | 527 (41.4) | 23038 (46.6) | 49444 (45.4) |
| Yes | 10700 (55.6) | 9626 (55.0) | 10839 (55.8) | 1844 (56.7) | 33009 (55.6) | 25647 (53.3) | 747 (58.6) | 26394 (53.4) | 59403 (54.6) |
| Multiple gestation | |||||||||
| No | 18230 (94.7) | 16890 (96.4) | 19408 (100.0) | 3251 (100.0) | 57779 (97.2) | 47932 (99.5) | 1266 (99.4) | 49198 (99.5) | 106977 (98.3) |
| Yes | 1012 (5.3) | 624 (3.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1636 (2.8) | 226 (0.5) | 8 (0.6) | 234 (0.5) | 1870 (1.7) |
| GDM, DM | |||||||||
| No | 17970 (93.4) | 16550 (94.5) | 18314 (94.4) | 2976 (91.5) | 55810 (93.9) | 46524 (96.6) | 1209 (94.9) | 47733 (96.6) | 103543 (95.1) |
| Yes | 1272 (6.6) | 964 (5.5) | 1094 (5.6) | 275 (8.5) | 3605 (6.1) | 1634 (3.4) | 65 (5.1) | 1699 (3.4) | 5304 (4.9) |
| HDCP | |||||||||
| No | 16937 (88.0) | 15850 (90.5) | 19146 (98.7) | 3209 (98.7) | 55142 (92.8) | 47324 (98.3) | 1227 (96.3) | 48551 (98.2) | 103693 (95.3) |
| Yes | 2305 (12.0) | 1664 (9.5) | 262 (1.3) | 42 (1.3) | 4273 (7.2) | 834 (1.7) | 47 (3.7) | 881 (1.8) | 5154 (4.7) |
| Eclampsia | |||||||||
| No | 17217 (89.5) | 16112 (92.0) | 19408 (100.0) | 3251 (100.0) | 55988 (94.2) | 47658 (99.0) | 1242 (97.5) | 48900 (98.9) | 104888 (96.4) |
| Yes | 2025 (10.5) | 1402 (8.0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3427 (5.8) | 500 (1.0) | 32 (2.5) | 532 (1.1) | 3959 (3.6) |
| PROM | |||||||||
| No | 17912 (93.1) | 13998 (79.9) | 17616 (90.8) | 2395 (73.7) | 51921 (87.4) | 39135 (81.3) | 939 (73.7) | 40074 (81.1) | 91995 (84.5) |
| Yes | 1330 (6.9) | 3516 (20.1) | 1792 (9.2) | 856 (26.3) | 7494 (12.6) | 9023 (18.7) | 335 (26.3) | 9358 (18.9) | 16852 (15.5) |
| Preterm delivery | |||||||||
| No | 17336 (90.1) | 15289 (87.3) | 18996 (97.9) | 3067 (94.3) | 54688 (92.0) | 44675 (92.8) | 1181 (92.7) | 45856 (92.8) | 100544 (92.4) |
| Yes | 1906 (9.9) | 2225 (12.7) | 412 (2.1) | 184 (5.7) | 4727 (8.0) | 3483 (7.2) | 93 (7.3) | 3576 (7.2) | 8303 (7.6) |
| Prebirth bleeding | |||||||||
| No | 18200 (94.6) | 16489 (94.1) | 19408 (100.0) | 3251 (100.0) | 57348 (96.5) | 47949 (99.6) | 1257 (98.7) | 49206 (99.5) | 106554 (97.9) |
| Yes | 1042 (5.4) | 1025 (5.9) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2067 (3.5) | 209 (0.4) | 17 (1.3) | 226 (0.5) | 2293 (2.1) |
| Oligohydrammios | |||||||||
| No | 17669 (91.8) | 16740 (95.6) | 19408 (100.0) | 3251 (100.0) | 57068 (96.0) | 48158 (100.0) | 1274 (100.0) | 49432 (100.0) | 106500 (97.8) |
| Yes | 1573 (8.2) | 774 (4.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2347 (4.0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2347 (2.2) |
| Gestational age | |||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 38.7 (2.2) | 38.8 (2.4) | 39.3 (1.6) | 38.9 (1.7) | 38.9 (2.1) | 39.2 (2.2) | 39.2 (2.6) | 39.2 (2.3) | 39.0 (2.2) |
| Birthweight | |||||||||
| ≤4000 g | 15957 (83.7) | 15710 (91.4) | 18665 (97.1) | 3168 (98.5) | 53500 (91.1) | 45411 (95.9) | 1182 (94.1) | 46593 (95.8) | 100093 (93.3) |
| 4000 g | 3113 (16.3) | 1475 (8.6) | 565 (2.9) | 48 (1.5) | 5201 (8.9) | 1964 (4.1) | 74 (5.9) | 2038 (4.2) | 7239 (6.7) |
| Malformation | |||||||||
| No | 19213 (99.9%) | 17466 (99.8%) | 19388 (99.9%) | 3247 (99.9%) | 59314 (99.9%) | 48022 (99.8%) | 1268 (99.5%) | 49290 (99.8%) | 108604 (99.8) |
| Yes | 25 (0.1%) | 42 (0.2%) | 15 (0.1%) | 3 (0.1%) | 85 (0.1%) | 114 (0.2%) | 6 (0.5%) | 120 (0.2%) | 205 (0.2) |