Table 4. Associations between mode of delivery and maternal outcomes.
| Mode of delivery | No outcome | Outcome | Crude | Adjusted* | Adjusted* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | OR (99% CI) | OR (99% CI) | p-value | |
| Outcome: Inpatient maternal death | |||||
| Spontaneous | 48147 (44.2%) | 3 (42.9%) | 1.00 | ||
| Operative vaginal delivery | 1274 (1.2%) | 0 (0%) | — | ||
| Non-Indicated antepartum | 19406 (17.8%) | 0 (0%) | — | ||
| Non-Indicated intrapartum | 3250 (3.0%) | 0 (0%) | — | ||
| Indicated antepartum | 19238 (17.7%) | 3 (42.9%) | 2.50 (0.31, 20.5) | ||
| Indicated intrapartum | 17509 (16.1%) | 1 (14.3%) | 0.92 (0.05, 18.0) | ||
| Outcome: Postpartum hemorrhage | |||||
| Spontaneous | 46813 (44.7%) | 1345 (32.6%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Operative vaginal delivery | 1180 (1.1%) | 94 (2.3%) | 2.77 (2.09, 3.69) | 2.49 (1.86, 3.32) | <0.0001 |
| Non-Indicated antepartum | 18961 (18.1%) | 447 (10.8%) | 0.82 (0.71, 0.95) | 0.80 (0.69, 0.92) | <0.0001 |
| Non-Indicated intrapartum | 3125 (3.0%) | 126 (3.1%) | 1.40 (1.10, 1.79) | 1.30 (1.01, 1.66) | 0.007 |
| Indicated antepartum | 18228 (17.4%) | 1014 (24.6%) | 1.94 (1.74, 2.16) | 1.28 (1.13, 1.45) | <0.0001 |
| Indicated intrapartum | 16412 (15.7%) | 1102 (26.7%) | 2.34 (2.10, 2.60) | 1.68 (1.50, 1.89) | <0.0001 |
| Outcome: Maternal death, hysterectomy, transfusion, or VTE | |||||
| Spontaneous | 48022 (44.4%) | 136 (21.1%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Operative vaginal delivery | 1262 (1.2%) | 12 (1.9%) | 3.36 (1.54, 7.32) | 3.15 (1.42, 6.99) | 0.0002 |
| Non-Indicated antepartum | 19363 (17.9%) | 45 (7.0%) | 0.82 (0.53, 1.28) | 0.94 (0.60, 1.47) | 0.73 |
| Non-Indicated intrapartum | 3234 (3.0%) | 17 (2.6%) | 1.86 (0.96, 3.61) | 2.05 (1.05, 4.00) | 0.006 |
| Indicated antepartum | 19076 (17.6%) | 166 (25.7%) | 3.07 (2.28, 4.14) | 1.35 (0.96, 1.88) | 0.02 |
| Indicated intrapartum | 17244 (15.9%) | 270 (41.8%) | 5.53 (4.21, 7.26) | 2.54 (1.88, 3.43) | <0.0001 |
*Adjusted for maternal age and education, gestational weeks, malpresentation, parity, multiple, placenta previa, placenta abruption, prebirth bleeding, medical complications, and malformation.