Table 3.
Unadjusted Rates and Rate Ratios for Secondary Outcomesa
| Secondary Outcomes | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mortalityb | Hospitalizationb | MDR GNB Bacteriuriab,c | Antibiotics for Suspected UTId | Total antimicrobialsd | ||||||
| Treatment Status | Treatment | Control | Treatment | Control | Treatment | Control | Treatment | Control | Treatment | Control |
| Count | 17 | 16 | 33 | 50 | 9 | 24 | 692 | 909 | 1415 | 1883 |
| Person years | 83.2 | 84.0 | 83.2 | 84.0 | 83.2 | 84.0 | 83.2 | 84.0 | 83.2 | 84.0 |
| Rate 95% CI |
20.4 12.7, 32.9 |
19.1 11.7, 31.1 |
39.7 22.3, 70.4 |
59.6 37.4,95.0 |
10.8 3.4, 34.2 |
28.6 14.1,57.8 |
8.3 5.5, 12.6 |
10.8 7.6, 15.5 |
17.0 11.7, 24.8 |
22.4 16.2,31.1 |
| Rate Ratio 95% CI |
1.07 0.54, 2.12 |
0.67 0.32, 1.40 |
0.38 0.10, 1.46 |
0.77 0.44, 1.33 |
0.76 0.46, 1.25 |
|||||
| P-value | 0.84 | 0.28 | 0.16 | 0.34 | 0.28 | |||||
Abbreviations: CI Confidence Interval; MDR GNB Multi-Drug Resistant Gram Negative Bacilli; UTI Urinary Tract Infection.
Estimates and confidence intervals are from generalized linear regression models with Poisson distributions, offsets for the natural logarithm for the time at risk, and adjustments for overdispersion. Mortality counts are for individuals; counts for other outcomes are for episodes (i.e., counts of the number of hospitalizations, isolates of MDR GNB bacteriuria, uses of antibiotics for suspected UTI, and uses of total antimicrobials).
Rates and CIs are in counts/100 person-years.
Multi-drug resistant Gram negative bacilli are defined as urinary isolates (E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Providencia, Pseudomonas, Citrobacter, or Enterobacter spp.) having resistance to three or more of the following antibiotics (ampicillin-sulbactam, cefazolin, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, fluoroquinolones, piperacillin-tazobactam, meropenem, imipenem, or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole).
Rates and CIs are in antimicrobial days/person-year. Multiple antimicrobials on a given day are counted as one antimicrobial day.
Antimicrobial/classes include cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, penicillins, oseltamivir, sulfonamides, macrolides, nitrofurantoin, vancomycin, aminoglycosides, carbapenems, metronidazole, tetracycline, fluconazole, mycostatin, daptomycin, and antivirals: acyclovir/valacyclovir.