Table 3.

Mothers’ mean scores on harsh parenting rates by ethnic/language group

										Reverse Helmert contrasts
	Spanish-speaking Latinas (N=64)			English-speaking Latinas (N=102)			Non-Latina Caucasians (N=96)			Latinas vs. non- Latina Caucasians		Spanish- vs. English- speaking Latinas
	M	Madj	SE	M	Madj	SE	M	Madj	SE	t	p	t	p
Harsh parenting	11.27	0.81	0.07	20.53	1.02	0.05	24.71	1.13	0.06	2.83a	<.01	2.36b	<.05
Psychological aggression	6.73	0.63	0.07	12.74	0.84	0.05	16.15	0.96	0.06	3.04a	<.01	2.48b	<.05
Physical aggression	4.53	0.51	0.07	7.79	0.64	0.05	8.56	0.67	0.05	1.39a	.16	1.62b	.11

M means for raw scores (reported for ease of interpretation), M_adj adjusted means for the log transformed scores from ANCOVAs. Harsh parenting score range is 0–275. Psychological aggression score range is 0–125. Physical aggression score range is 0–150

^aNon-Latina Caucasians>Latinas

^bEnglish-speaking Latinas>Spanish-speaking