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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Feb 9.

Published in final edited form as: Eur Psychiatry. 2016 Jun 14;36:1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.03.006

Table 1.

Clinical and neurobiological similarities of schizophrenia and altered balance of metals.

Schizophrenia	Pb²⁺ (excess)	Cd²⁺ (excess)	Mn²⁺ (excess)	Cu²⁺ (excess)	Mg²⁺ (deficiency)	Zn²⁺ (deficiency)
Core neuropsychological dysfunctions (IQ, working memory, attention, processing speed)	^**	^**	^*	^**	^*	^*
References	[15,16]	[6–8]	[8,56]	[29,57,58]	[59–63]	[18,19]
Core neurotransmitter disturbances
• Dopamine	⁺	⁺	⁺	⁺	⁺	⁺
• Serotonin	⁺	⁺	⁺	⁺	⁺	⁺
• Glutamate	⁺	⁺	⁺	⁺	⁺	⁺
References	[64–66]	[67–69]	[14,24]	[70]	[71–73]	[74–76]
Clinical evidence of association with psychosis	⁺	⁺	⁺	⁺	⁺	⁺
References	[35,36]	[30,77]	[44,45]	[12,30]	[78,79]	[30]

⁺

Evidence of association;

^*

moderate association;

^**

strong association.