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. 2017 Feb 10;7:42329. doi: 10.1038/srep42329

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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(a) World map. (b) Night-lights satellite photo of the Middle East and the Gulf of Aqaba close up (Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/Suomi NPP) (c) The study area. (a and c maps were created by using ArcGIS Version. 10.2.1 (Esri Inc.) platform. Sources: Esri, DeLorme, HERE, USGS, Intermap, iPC, NRCAN, Esri Japan, METI, Esri China (Hong Kong), Esri (Thailand), MapmyIndia, TomTom. Esri, DeLorme, HERE, MapmyIndia).