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. 2015 Jun 17;1(5):516–534. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.06.009

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© 2015 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Monitoring of serial circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) levels. The ctDNA was quantified by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction in sera serially sampled before and after surgery from the four patients with positive ctDNA (cases H1–H5). The figure shows the time course of serum levels of ctDNA, α-fetoprotein (AFP), and des-γ-carboxy prothrombin (DCP) with their clinical events and treatments. Levels of ctDNA are expressed as a ratio relative to levels of those obtained using DNA extracted from tumor tissue.

Monitoring of serial circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) levels. The ctDNA was quantified by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction in sera serially sampled before and after surgery from the four patients with positive ctDNA (cases H1–H5). The figure shows the time course of serum levels of ctDNA, α-fetoprotein (AFP), and des-γ-carboxy prothrombin (DCP) with their clinical events and treatments. Levels of ctDNA are expressed as a ratio relative to levels of those obtained using DNA extracted from tumor tissue.