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. 2017 Feb 8;5:e2947. doi: 10.7717/peerj.2947

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©2017 Hanapi et al.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.

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(A–E) Live cell imaging of the formation of endosomes and endosomal escape of F-MrNvc VLPs. Sf9 cells were incubated with F-MrNvc VLPs at 4 °C for 1 h and shifted to RT for 30 min before they were viewed under a live cell imaging system. Each image was captured in 30 s time lapse for 1 h (Video S1). White arrows indicate endosome formation and red arrows show endosome formation to endosomal escape of VLPs. The live cell imaging image shows (A) the attached F-MrNvc VLPs were gathered around a hollow membrane pit, and (B) accumulated inside the pit. (C) Endosome enclosing the VLPs was formed. (D) The size and shape of the endosome become disproportionate and (E) F-MrNvc was released into the cytosol. These images were captured at the specified duration of time lapse (Video S1). (F) A schematic diagram summarising the whole process. Bars, (A–E) 5 µm.