TABLE 4.

Association Between Disability and Cause-Specific Death Among Adults Aged 18 or Older

Cause of Death	Any Disability*	Multiple Disability*	Single Disability*	No Disability	Sensory Disability†	Mental/Substance Use Impairment Disability†	Cognitive Impairment Disability†	Movement Disability†
Heart diseases
% died	11.25	15.95	9.62	2.44	12.91	6.56	9.38	16.68
% died (age adjusted)	5.93	7.44	5.40	3.14	5.36	6.23	6.02	7.32
Adjusted Cox model HR (95% CI)	1.55 (1.44–1.68)	1.77 (1.58–1.97)	1.49 1.37–1.61)	1.00	1.04 (0.95–1.15)	1.42 (1.21–1.66)	1.03 (0.86–1.23)	1.82 (1.66–2.00)
Malignant neoplasms
% died	6.11	6.83	5.86	2.63	7.23	3.99	3.87	7.54
% died (age adjusted)	3.97	4.62	3.81	3.06	3.73	3.97	3.26	4.48
Adjusted Cox model HR (95% CI)	1.18 (1.09–1.27)	1.22 (1.07–1.39)	1.17 (1.07–1.27)	1.00	1.02 (0.91–1.15)	1.43 (1.20–1.70)	0.78 (0.62–0.98)	1.27 (1.14–1.43)
Stroke (cerebrovascular diseases)
% died	2.60	3.77	2.20	0.50	3.02	2.34	1.41	3.86
% died (age adjusted)	1.25	1.72	1.10	0.67	1.19	1.38	1.41	1.54
Adjusted Cox model HR (95% CI)	1.62 (1.40–1.87)	1.80 (1.45–2.24)	1.56 (1.34–1.81)	1.00	1.12 (0.90–1.39)	1.30 (0.97–1.76)	1.15 (0.84–1.57)	1.76 (1.44–2.13)
Chronic lower respiratory diseases
% died	2.19	2.70	2.01	0.39	2.42	1.37	1.40	3.08
% died (age adjusted)	1.24	1.44	1.18	0.50	1.08	1.40	0.97	1.53
Adjusted Cox model HR (95% CI)	2.05 (1.75–2.39)	1.98 (1.58–2.48)	2.07 (1.76–2.48)	1.00	1.48 (1.20–1.84)	1.83 (1.36–2.47)	0.88 (0.60–1.28)	2.31 (1.86–2.86)
Unintentional accidents
% died	0.75	0.98	0.67	0.35	0.78	0.60	0.71	0.94
% died (age adjusted)	0.59	0.71	0.55	0.38	0.49	0.62	0.56	0.70
Adjusted Cox model HR (95% CI)	1.43 (1.14–1.78)	1.70 (1.23–2.34)	1.35 (1.07–1.71)	1.00	1.12 (0.79–1.59)	1.16 (0.77–1.73)	0.80 (0.46–1.37)	1.67 (1.14–2.45)
Suicides/assaults
% died	0.29	‡	‡	0.17	‡	0.55	‡	0.23
% died (age adjusted)	0.33	‡	‡	0.17	‡	0.56	‡	0.20
Adjusted Cox model HR (95% CI)	1.64 (1.15–2.34)	‡	‡	1.00	0.71 (0.36–1.39)	3.58 (2.13–6.00)	‡	0.93 (0.43–2.01)

Rates based on <20 deaths are considered unreliable and noted with a double dagger (‡). All estimates are weighted. Age adjustment was performed using direct standardization to the age distribution of the 1994 and 1995 NHIS-D samples (categorized as 18–44, 45–64, 65–74, and 75+).

^*Model adjusted for covariates including year of interview, age, sex, race, marital status, education, employment status, income, insurance coverage, BMI, and disability severity (eg, number of difficulties with activities of daily living).

^†Model adjusted for covariates including year of interview, age, sex, race, marital status, education, employment status, income, insurance coverage, BMI, disability severity (eg, number of ADLs), and multiple disabilities.

CI indicates confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.

Sources: 1994–1995 National Health Interview Survey on Disability and National Death Index.