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Dose–effect relationships on thermal nociception in Sprague-Dawley rats. The effects on thermal nociception using the hot-plate test as a function of the intravenous dose of KGNOP1 and morphine were tested (N = 6 per group). The relationships were well-described by the sigmoidal Emax model. Solid lines represent the mean model-predicted profiles compared to the mean experimental data ± standard error of the mean.
