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Dose–effect relationships on inspiratory time (TI) and minute volume (VM) in Sprague-Dawley rats. TI (Tmax) − TI (T0) and VM (Tmax) − VM (T0) as a function of the intravenous dose of KGNOP1, KGOP1, morphine, and tramadol were tested (N = 6 per group). The relationships were well-described using the sigmoidal Emax model. Solid lines represent the mean model-predicted profiles compared to the mean experimental data ± standard error of the mean.
