Figure 4.

Effects on germination tube length in the presence of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs). Micrographs show spores germinated in water (A), in 16 mg·L⁻¹ ZnO NPs (B), and 52 mg·L⁻¹ ZnO NPs (C). Note the haloed appearance and long germination tubes of spores germinated in water versus the dark nature of most of those germinated in 16 mg·L⁻¹ ZnO NPs, and all those germinated in 52 mg·L⁻¹ ZnO NPs. Also note in Figure 4B that some spores had a haloed appearance but these only produced short germination tubes.