Table 2.
Univariable and Multivariable Associations of Biomarkers with Sex
| BIOMARKER | WOMEN | MEN | UNADJUSTED β-COEFFICIENT (P-VALUE) |
MODEL 1 β-COEFFICIENT (P-VALUE) |
MODEL 2 β-COEFFICIENT (P-VALUE) |
MODEL 3 β-COEFFICIENT (P-VALUE) |
MODEL 4 β-COEFFICIENT (P-VALUE) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LIPIDS | |||||||
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 51 [43, 60] | 44 [37, 52] | 0.14 (p<.0001) | 0.14 (p<.0001) | 0.15 (p<.0001) | 0.06 (p=0.02) | 0.06 (p=0.02) |
| HDL-p, μmol/L | 34 [29, 38] | 32 [28, 35] | 0.07 (p<.0001) | 0.07 (p<.0001) | 0.07 (p<.0001) | 0.05 (p=0.006) | 0.05 (p=0.008) |
| Lp(a), nmol/L | 56 [22, 119] | 43 [15, 95] | 0.26 (p<.0001) | 0.22 (p<.0001) | 0.21 (p<.0001) | 0.003 (p=0.98) | 0.002 (p=0.98) |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 102 [82, 124] | 107 [84, 130] | −0.03 (p=0.05) | −0.03 (p=0.06) | −0.03 (p=0.04) | −0.09 (p=0.02) | −0.09 (p=0.01) |
| LDL-p, μmol/L | 1157 [933, 1418] | 1282 [1032, 1584] | −0.10 (p<.0001) | −0.10 (p<.0001) | −0.10 (p<.0001) | −0.03 (p=0.44) | −0.03 (p=0.39) |
| TG, mg/dL | 90 [64, 131] | 107 [72, 167] | −0.19 (p<.0001) | −0.18 (p<.0001) | −0.17 (p<.0001) | 0.03 (p=0.56) | 0.03 (p=0.61) |
| Total Cholesterol, mg/dL | 176 [153, 201] | 178 [154, 205] | −0.008 (p=0.40) | −0.007 (p=0.44) | −0.003 (p=0.79) | −0.03 (p=0.19) | −0.03 (p=0.16) |
| Cholesterol Efflux, units | 0.99 [0.83, 1.2] | 1.0 [0.84, 1.2] | −0.02 (p=0.16) | −0.02 (p=0.16) | −0.02 (p=0.22) | −0.02 (p=0.53) | −0.02 (p=0.53) |
| ADIPOKINES | |||||||
| Leptin, ng/mL | 23 [14, 37] | 5.7 [2.7, 10] | 1.5 (p<.0001) | 1.5 (p<.0001) | 1.4 (p<.0001) | 0.84 (p<.0001) | 0.84 (p<.0001) |
| Adiponectin, μg/mL | 7.6 [5.0, 11] | 5.6 [3.8, 8.1] | 0.29 (p<.0001) | 0.31 (p<.0001) | 0.33 (p<.0001) | −0.12 (p=0.02) | −0.10 (p=0.04) |
| INFLAMMATION | |||||||
| D-dimer, μg/mL | 0.28 [0.18, 0.44] | 0.16 [0.10, 0.26] | 0.53 (p<.0001) | 0.51 (p<.0001) | 0.51 (p<.0001) | 0.40 (p<.0001) | 0.42 (p<.0001) |
| hs-CRP, mg/dL | 3.9 [1.5, 8.8] | 2.0 [0.90, 4.3] | 0.53 (p<.0001) | 0.51 (p<.0001) | 0.50 (p<.0001) | −0.05 (p=0.68) | −0.05 (p=0.64) |
| OPG, pg/mL | 1272 [933, 1738] | 1096 [813, 1443] | 0.19 (p<.0001) | 0.18 (p<.0001) | 0.19 (p<.0001) | 0.08 (p=0.19) | 0.09 (p=0.13) |
| LP-PLA2 mass, μg/L | 176 [147, 208] | 202 [168, 233] | −0.13 (p<.0001) | −0.12 (p<.0001) | −0.12 (p<.0001) | −0.15 (p<.0001) | −0.15 (p<.0001) |
| LP-PLA2 activity, μmol/min/L | 132 [110, 156] | 162 [135, 187] | −0.19 (p<.0001) | −0.18 (p<.0001) | −0.18 (p<.0001) | −0.11 (p<.0001) | −0.11 (p<.0001) |
| IL-18, pg/mL | 499 [352, 733] | 560 [378, 864] | −0.13 (p<.0001) | −0.12 (p<.0001) | −0.14 (p<.0001) | −0.15 (p=0.11) | −0.15 (p=0.10) |
| MCP-1, pg/mL | 164 [121, 222] | 171 [126, 228] | −0.03 (p=0.20) | −0.02 (p=0.27) | −0.03 (p=0.16) | −0.11 (p=0.03) | −0.11 (p=0.03) |
| sRAGE, ng/mL | 1.3 [0.92, 1.9] | 1.3 [0.89, 1.9] | −0.002 (p=0.89) | 0.007 (p=0.61) | 0.01 (p=0.54) | 0.02 (p=0.64) | 0.02 (p=0.62) |
| sTNFR, pg/mL | 0.60 [0.41, 0.86] | 0.60 [0.43, 0.85] | −0.008 (p=0.78) | −0.008 (p=0.77) | 0.01 (p=0.76) | −0.13 (p=0.05) | −0.13 (p=0.05) |
| ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION / DYSFUNCTION | |||||||
| sESAM, ng/mL | 34 [27, 42] | 35 [27, 44] | −0.04 (p=0.02) | −0.04 (p=0.02) | −0.04 (p=0.03) | −0.20 (p<.0001) | −0.20 (p<.0001) |
| SDMA, μmol/L | 0.39 [0.34, 0.45] | 0.42 [0.37, 0.50] | −0.03 (p<.0001) | −0.03 (p<.0001) | −0.02 (p<.0001) | −0.05 (p<.0001) | −0.05 (p<.0001) |
| ADMA, μmol/L | 0.48 [0.42, 0.56] | 0.48 [0.42, 0.55] | 0.0005 (p=0.86) | 0.001 (p=0.82) | 0.001 (p=0.76) | −0.03 (p=0.0002) | −0.02 (p=0.0006) |
| Homoarginine, μmol/L | 2.7 [2.1, 3.5] | 2.9 [2.3, 3.6] | −0.08 (p<.0001) | −0.08 (p<.0001) | −0.10 (p<.0001) | 0.13 (p=0.0004) | 0.12 (p=0.0008) |
| sICAM, ng/mL | 603 [452, 823] | 604 [449, 837] | 0.009 (p=0.67) | 0.007 (p=0.75) | 0.01 (p=0.57) | 0.04 (p=0.44) | 0.05 (p=0.41) |
| sVCAM, ng/mL | 982 [710, 1364] | 991 [740, 1411] | −0.01 (p=0.64) | −0.01 (p=0.61) | −0.02 (p=0.57) | −0.03 (p=0.63) | −0.03 (p=0.60) |
| MYOCYTE INJURY / STRESS | |||||||
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL | 39 [20, 75] | 17 [7.5, 39] | 0.76 (p<.0001) | 0.76 (p<.0001) | 0.80 (p<.0001) | 0.42 (p<.0001) | 0.51 (p<.0001) |
| hs-cTnT, % ≥3 ng/L | 14% | 42% | −0.43 (p<.0001) | −0.44 (p<.0001) | −0.45 (p<.0001) | −0.36 (p<.0001) | −0.32 (p<.0001) |
| sST2, μg/L | 0.40 [0.40, 0.54] | 0.40 [0.40, 0.64] | −0.06 (p=0.008) | −0.07 (p=0.0006) | −0.05 (p=0.04) | −0.05 (p=0.44) | −0.05 (p=0.44) |
| GDF-15, ng/L | 0.66 [0.48, 0.90] | 0.67 [0.50, 0.92] | −0.02 (p=0.44) | −0.03 (p=0.19) | −0.008 (p=0.75) | −0.05 (p=0.35) | −0.04 (p=0.43) |
| KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION / EXTRACARDIAC INVOLVEMENT | |||||||
| Cystatin C, mg/L | 0.79 [0.71, 0.89] | 0.85 [0.77, 0.95] | −0.07 (p<.0001) | −0.07 (p<.0001) | −0.06 (p<.0001) | −0.17 (p<.0001) | −0.17 (p<.0001) |
+β-coefficient: higher in women
−β-coefficient: lower in women
- Model 1: age, race
- Model 2: Model 1 + diabetes, hypertension, smoking, statin use, HOMA-IR, eGFR
- Model 3: Model 2 + lean mass, fat mass, body surface area, visceral fat, subcutaneous fat, lower body fat
- Model 4: Model 3 + left ventricular mass
Abbreviations: HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-p, high density lipoprotein particle concentration; Lp(a), lipoprotein(a); LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-p, low-density lipoprotein particle concentration; TG, triglycerides; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; OPG, osteoprotegerin; LP-PLA2, lipoprotein phospholipase A2; IL-18, interleukin-18; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; sRAGE, soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products; sTNFR, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor; sESAM, soluble endothelial cell selective adhesion molecule; SDMA, symmetrical dimethylarginine methylarginine; ADMA, asymmetrical dimethylarginine; sICAM, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule; sVCAM, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule; NT-proBNP, N-terminal of the prohormone brain natriuretic peptide; hs-cTnT, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T; sST2, soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2; GDF-15, growth differentiation factor-15; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate
P-values adjusted for multiple testing using false discovery rate method