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Effect of the Nano-MIX on the multi-species biofilms of S. mutans, F. nucleatum, A. actinomycetemcomitans, and P. gingivalis at 24 h. The confocal scanning laser microscopy (CLSM) (A,B) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images (C,D) showing comparative antibacterial effects of the Nano-MIX treatment (B,D) on the mixed-species oral biofilms with reference to the blank nanoparticles (A,C), respectively.
