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. 2016 Jun 15;6(6):117. doi: 10.3390/nano6060117

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Overall scheme of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) with open-ended freestanding TiO2 nanotube arrays with Ag nanoparticles (NPs) and large TiO2 NPs. (A) (a) Ti anodization for TiO2 nanotube arrays; (b) freestanding TiO2 nanotube arrays and etching by ion milling; (c) transference of open-ended freestanding TiO2 nanotube arrays onto fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass; (d) formation of Ag NPs by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation; and (e) introduction of large TiO2 NPs. (B) Structure of a DSSC with freestanding TiO2 nanotube arrays and large TiO2 NPs.