Table 1.
Bivariate Associations of Study Design and Child Characteristics With Any or Regular Substance Use
| Alcohol | Drugs | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any Alcohol Use | Regular Alcohol Use | Any Drug Use | Regular Drug Use | |||||
| No (n=511) | Yes (n=151) | No (n=539) | Yes (n=40) | No (n=532) | Yes (n=137) | No (n=379) | Yes (n=50) | |
| Study Design Characteristics | ||||||||
| Site | ||||||||
| CWRU | 121 (78.1) | 34 (21.9) | 128 (94.8) | 7 (5.2) | 135 (83.9) | 26 (16.1) | 87 (92.6) | 7 (7.4) |
| Cincinnati | 128 (77.6) | 37 (22.4) | 136 (92.5) | 11 (7.5) | 135 (80.8) | 32 (19.2) | 99 (87.6) | 14 (12.4) |
| Ohio State University | 130 (76.0) | 41 (24.0) | 136 (93.2) | 10 (6.8) | 133 (78.2) | 37 (21.8) | 101 (88.6) | 13 (11.4) |
| Pittsburgh | 132 (77.2) | 39 (22.8) | 139 (92.1) | 12 (7.9) | 129 (75.4) | 42 (24.6) | 92 (85.2) | 16 (14.8) |
| ESM + | ||||||||
| No | 62 (76.5) | 19 (23.5) | 73 (94.8) | 4 (5.2) | 65 (80.3) | 16 (19.7) | 62 (93.9) | 4 (6.1) |
| Yes | 449 (77.3) | 132 (22.7) | 466 (92.8) | 36 (7.2) | 467 (79.4) | 121 (20.6) | 317 (87.3) | 46 (12.7) |
| Child Characteristics | ||||||||
| Baseline age group | ||||||||
| 6-8 years | 280 (91.2) | 27 (8.8)*** | 257 (99.2) | 2 (0.8)*** | 279 (90.9) | 28 (9.1)*** | 141 (97.2) | 4 (2.8)*** |
| 9-12 years | 231 (65.1) | 124 (34.9) | 282 (88.1) | 38 (11.9) | 253 (69.9) | 109 (30.1) | 238 (83.8) | 46 (16.2) |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Female | 164 (76.6) | 50 (23.4) | 174 (92.1) | 15 (7.9) | 172 (79.3) | 45 (20.7) | 125 (87.4) | 18 (12.6) |
| Male | 347 (77.5) | 101 (22.5) | 365 (93.6) | 25 (6.4) | 360 (79.7) | 92 (20.3) | 254 (88.8) | 32 (11.2) |
| Race | ||||||||
| Caucasian | 337 (78.6) | 92 (21.4) | 338 (93.6) | 23 (6.4) | 357 (82.5) | 76 (17.5)* | 242 (91.3) | 23 (8.7)** |
| African-American | 124 (72.5) | 47 (27.5) | 143 (90.5) | 15 (9.5) | 127 (73.0) | 47 (27.0) | 96 (80.7) | 23 (19.3) |
| Other | 50 (80.7) | 12 (19.3) | 58 (96.7) | 2 (3.3) | 48 (77.4) | 14 (22.6) | 41 (91.1) | 4 (8.9) |
| Hispanic Ethnicity | ||||||||
| No | 491 (77.6) | 142 (22.4) | 512 (92.8) | 40 (7.2) | 509 (79.4) | 132 (20.6) | 356 (87.7) | 50 (12.3) |
| Yes | 20 (69.0) | 9 (31.0) | 27 (100) | 0 (0) | 23 (82.1) | 5 (17.9) | 23 (100) | 0 (0) |
| Child Clinical Characteristics | ||||||||
| Primary diagnosis at baseline | ||||||||
| BD/psychosis | 122 (76.7) | 37 (23.3) | 128 (93.4) | 9 (6.6) | 123 (77.9) | 35 (22.1) | 98 (90.7) | 10 (9.3) |
| MDD | 87 (74.4) | 30 (25.6) | 90 (91.8) | 8 (8.2) | 90 (76.3) | 28 (23.7) | 72 (92.3) | 6 (7.7) |
| Anxiety disorder | 31 (77.5) | 9 (22.5) | 37 (97.4) | 1 (2.6) | 33 (78.6) | 9 (21.4) | 25 (86.2) | 4 (13.8) |
| DBD | 156 (76.9) | 47 (23.1) | 161 (92.0) | 14 (8.0) | 169 (82.4) | 36 (17.6) | 93 (81.6) | 21 (18.4) |
| ADHD | 69 (78.4) | 19 (21.6) | 76 (93.8) | 5 (6.2) | 69 (77.5) | 20 (22.5) | 59 (92.2) | 5 (7.8) |
| Other | 46 (83.6) | 9 (16.4) | 47 (94.0) | 3 (6.0) | 48 (84.2) | 9 (15.8) | 32 (88.9) | 4 (11.1) |
| Number of diagnoses at baseline | ||||||||
| None or One | 114 (76.0) | 36 (24.0) | 123 (91.8) | 11 (8.2) | 120 (79.0) | 32 (21.0) | 93 (88.6) | 12 (11.4) |
| Two | 165 (74.7) | 56 (25.3) | 179 (92.3) | 15 (7.7) | 179 (80.6) | 43 (19.4) | 127 (88.2) | 17 (11.8) |
| Three | 126 (77.3) | 37 (22.7) | 129 (92.1) | 11 (7.9) | 126 (75.5) | 41 (24.5) | 80 (82.5) | 17 (17.5) |
| Four or more | 106 (82.8) | 22 (17.2) | 108 (97.3) | 3 (2.7) | 107 (83.6) | 21 (16.4) | 79 (95.2) | 4 (4.8) |
| Ever diagnosed with BPSD | ||||||||
| No | 361 (78.7) | 98 (21.3) | 368 (93.4) | 26 (6.6) | 378 (80.9) | 89 (19.1) | 247 (87.6) | 35 (12.4) |
| Yes | 150 (73.9) | 53 (26.1) | 171 (92.4) | 14 (7.6) | 154 (76.2) | 48 (23.8) | 132 (89.8) | 15 (10.2) |
| Mania Trajectories | ||||||||
| High and rising | 40 (72.7) | 15 (27.3) | 48 (85.7) | 8 (14.3) | 41 (74.6) | 14 (25.4) | 35 (81.4) | 8 (18.6) |
| Unstable | 32 (82.1) | 7 (17.9) | 36 (92.3) | 3 (7.7) | 32 (80.0) | 8 (20.0) | 25 (86.2) | 4 (13.8) |
| High and falling | 195 (78.3) | 54 (21.7) | 191 (95.5) | 9 (4.5) | 204 (81.3) | 47 (18.7) | 133 (90.5) | 14 (9.5) |
| Low and falling | 241 (76.3) | 75 (23.7) | 262 (92.9) | 20 (7.1) | 252 (78.8) | 68 (21.2) | 185 (88.5) | 24 (11.5) |
Note: N (row %) shown. Bold values are statistically significant at p<.05. ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; BD = bipolar disorder; BPSD = bipolar spectrum disorder; CWRU = Case Western Reserve University; DBD = disruptive behavior disorder; ESM = elevated symptoms of mania; MDD = major depressive disorder.
*
p<.05
**
p<01
***
p<001