Table 1.
Study population and community variation
| Village (North > South) | Atta Akuraa (N = 40) | Cheranda (N = 26) | Jato Akuraa (N = 34) | Mahama Akuraa (N = 18) | Tahiru Akuraa (N = 22) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anthropometry/nutrition | ||||||
| Age (years)* | 10.1 (9.8, 10.5) | 10.2 (9.3, 11.1) | 9.1 (8.6, 9.7) | 10.6 (9.8, 11.4) | 9.0 (8.6, 9.4) | 0.001 |
| Female | 21 (53%) | 17 (65%) | 20 (59%) | 7 (39%) | 8 (36%) | 0.2 |
| Body mass index | 15.3 (15.1, 15.6) | 15.6 (15.2, 16.0) | 15.2 (14.8, 15.6) | 16.0 (15.4, 16.6) | 15.2 (14.7, 15.6) | 0.07 |
| Mid-upper arm circumference (cm) | 18.9 (18.5, 19.3) | 19.3 (18.5, 20.0) | 18.3 (17.7, 18.8) | 19.2 (18.6, 19.7) | 18.0 (17.6, 18.4) | 0.01 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.0 (11.2, 12.7) | 11.9 (11.1, 12.6) | 11.2 (10.8, 11.6) | 11.6 (11.1, 12.0) | 11.9 (11.5, 12.2) | 0.3 |
| WBC (× 103) | 7.44 (6.7, 8.2) | 6.72 (6.0, 7.4) | 7.88 (7.0, 8.8) | 6.67 (5.7, 7.6) | 7.22 (6.3, 8.1) | 0.3 |
| Food insecure households | 33 (83%) | 21 (81%) | 29 (85%) | 16 (89%) | 16 (72%) | 0.7 |
| Measures of Wealth | ||||||
| Average wealth index | −0.45 (−0.81, −0.08) | −0.01 (−0.65, 0.62) | 0.35 (−0.19, 0.88) | 0.20 (−0.6, 0.99) | 0.16 (−0.44, 0.77) | 0.2 |
| Consumer and financial wealth index | 0.09 (−0.36, 0.55) | 0.32 (−0.24, 0.88) | −0.07 (−0.57, 0.42) | −0.25 (−0.90, 0.39) | −0.22 (−0.65, 0.21) | 0.6 |
| Agricultural wealth index |
−0.52 (−0.82, −0.23) | −0.10 (−0.55, 0.35) | 0.41 (−0.00, 0.81) | 0.31 (−0.21, 0.84) | 0.21 (−0.21, 0.63) | 0.003 |
| Improved toilet | 12 (30%) | 18 (69%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 15 (68%) | < 0.001 |
| Improved drinking water | 7 (18%) | 5 (19%) | 10 (29%) | 8 (44%) | 11 (50%) | 0.03 |
| Visible trash | 12 (30%) | 8 (32%) | 13 (39%) | 5 (28%) | 7 (32%) | 0.9 |
| Pig ownership | 3 (8%) | 6 (23%) | 14 (41%) | 5 (28%) | 9 (41%) | 0.01 |
| Baseline hookworm infection status | ||||||
| Positive (N = 82) | 23 (58%) | 11 (42%) | 24 (71%) | 15 (83%) | 9 (41%) | 0.02 |
| 95% CI | 40–72 | 27–57 | 53–85 | 59–96 | 21–64 | |
| Negative (N = 58) | 17 (43%) | 15 (58%) | 10 (29%) | 3 (17%) | 13 (59%) | |
| Baseline EPG (arithmetic mean) | 322 (109) | 175 (81) | 298 (84) | 324 (157) | 161 (72) | 0.1 |
| Baseline EPG (geometric mean) | 230 (125) | 200 (85) | 181 (97) | 126 (56) | 181 (51) | 0.07 |
| Malaria intensity | ||||||
| Negative | 13 (33%) | 9 (38%) | 8 (24%) | 2 (11%) | 6 (29%) | 0.1 |
| 1–999 parasites/μL | 21 (54%) | 11 (46%) | 12 (35%) | 11 (61%) | 9 (43%) | |
| ≥1,000 parasites/μL | 5 (13%) | 4 (17%) | 14 (41%) | 5 (28%) | 6 (29%) | |
| Posttreatment hookworm infection status | ||||||
| Positive (N = 49) | 6 (29%) | 2 (18%) | 24 (100%) | 12 (86%) | 7 (88%) | < 0.001 |
| Negative (N = 27) | 15 (71%) | 9 (82%) | 0 | 2 (14%) | 1 (13%) | |
CI = confidence interval; EPG = eggs per gram; WBC = white blood cell.
*
Numbers in parentheses represent standard deviation from mean. Arithmetic means analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis nonparametric test; geometric means analyzed by analysis of variance.