Table 3.
Indices for mixed-gender loan groups treatment
| Empowerment score | Social network score | Social capital score | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β coefficient (95% CI) | P value | β coefficient (95% CI) | P value | β coefficient (95% CI) | P value | |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | ||||
| Panel A: impact of mixed-gender group | ||||||
| Treatment: mixed-gender Group | −0.097 | 0.179 | −0.028 | 0.795 | −0.171 | 0.027 |
| (−0.238, 0.045) | (−0.238, 0.183) | (−0.322, −0.020) | ||||
| Control for stratification variables (wave) | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| Panel B: impact of Credit with Education and/or mixed-gender treatment | ||||||
| Treatment: Credit with Education | 0.036 | 0.720 | −0.193 | 0.189 | 0.205 | 0.064 |
| (−0.163, 0.236) | (−0.482, 0.096) | (−0.012, 0.423) | ||||
| Treatment: mixed-gender group | −0.038 | 0.689 | −0.129 | 0.405 | −0.104 | 0.263 |
| (−0.227, 0.151) | (−0.435, 0.177) | (−0.288, 0.079) | ||||
| Treatment: education × mixed-gender group interaction | −0.121 | 0.398 | 0.203 | 0.331 | −0.129 | 0.389 |
| (−0.403, 0.161) | (−0.209, 0.615) | (−0.426, 0.167) | ||||
| Control for stratification variables (wave) | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| Control mean = credit without education, female-only (standard deviation) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| (1.000) | (1.000) | (1.000) | ||||
| Treatment mean (standard deviation), Credit with Education | −0.0358 | −0.149 | 0.104 | |||
| (1.069) | (0.982) | (1.005) | ||||
| Treatment mean (standard deviation), mixed-gender group | −0.0756 | −0.114 | −0.0642 | |||
| (1.078) | (0.981) | (0.940) | ||||
| Number of observations | 3,622 | 3,613 | 3,625 | |||
CI = confidence interval. Sample contains 3,625 respondents present for the follow-up survey. Robust standard errors clustered at the village level. All specifications include three stratification variables to indicate whether a village participated in wave 1, 2, or 3. Inclusion in wave 1, 2, or 3 is nonrandom, and wave 1 treatment villages received subsidized health products, including insecticide-treated mosquito nets. Each dependent variable is an index of several related questions. Unanswered survey questions are coded as missing. Each index is standardized so the control group (credit without education, female-only groups) has a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one. We define index components here and tabulate component outcomes in the appendix. (1) Empowerment score, eight components: Q1: participates in decisions about children's school attendance; Q2: participates in decisions about children's membership in groups; Q3: participates in buying and selling decisions for the household; Q4: participates in decisions about working outside the household; Q5: How often do conflicts with your spouse lead to a) verbal abuse, b) physical abuse, or c) physical abuse against children? For each of a, b, and c, 0 = often, 1 = sometimes, 2 = rarely, 3 = never. Combined score: 0 = often to 9 = never; Q6: ability to go out to a) the market, b) the health center, c) walk with friends, d) the religious center. For each of a, b, c, and d, 0 = never, 1 = cannot when alone, 2 = can when alone. Combined score: 0 = never to 8 = always able to travel alone; Q7: views on women's empowerment: a) decisions in the family should be taken by men, b) if a woman works outside the home, then the husband should help with household chores, c) a married woman must be able to work outside the home if she wishes, d) a married woman should be allowed to express her opinion even when she disagrees with her husband, e) a woman should accept beatings by her husband to preserve the unity of the family, f) it is better to send boys to school than girls. For b, c, and d, Yes = 2, No = 0, Depends = 1; and for a, e, and f, Yes = 0, No = 2, Depends = 1. Combined score: 0 = low empowerment to 12 = high empowerment; Q8: frequency of voting, 0 = never, 1 = sometimes, 2 = always. (2) Social network score, three components: Q1: number of matched respondents who have given economic support, out of 10; Q2: number of matched respondents she could ask for small money, out of 10; Q3: number of matched respondents she would lend small money, out of 10. (3) Social capital score, six components: Q1: number of community groups that the respondent belongs to; Q2: number of groups from whom the respondent got economic support in the last 12 months; Q3: number of groups from whom the respondent got advice in the last 12 months; Q4: has spoken out in a community meeting in last 12 months; Q5: has run for or held an elected community position or office in last 12 months; Q6: feels at least somewhat influential in changing her village.