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Terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) staining of vascular endothelial cells in human lung tissue (magnification, ×400). There were fewer positive signals in nonsmoking controls (A) and medium-sized vessels of smoking controls (B). The positive signals for TUNEL staining (arrows) were predominantly detected in medium-sized vessels (C) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Apoptotic index of each group was calculated (D).
