Table 1.
Cell- and organ-level effects of various joint injuries.
| Models of Joint Injury | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||||||
| Class I | Class II | Class III | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||||
| Cell/Organ Effect | Explant (4,14-24) | Whole Joint (26-30) | Rabbit (32,33) | Goat | Mini-Pig 37 | Patients (40-47) | |||||
|
| |||||||||||
| CEI | RAC | IAF | GrI | CEI | MEN | GrI | CEI+MEN | IAF | IAF | PAO | |
|
| |||||||||||
| Acute oxidative damage | X | n/d | X | n/d | X | n/d | n/d | n/d | X | n/d | n/a |
| Acute oxidative stress | X | X | X | n/d | X | X | n/d | n/d | X | n/d | n/a |
| Mitochondrial loss | X | X | X | n/d | X | X | n/d | X | X | n/d | n/a |
| Acute injury severity | X | n/a | X | n/a | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
| Chronic contact stress | n/a | X | n/a | X | n/d | X | X | X | X | X | X |
| Synovitis | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
| PTOA | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | X | X | X | ? | X | X | X |
CEI = controlled-energy impact; RAC = repeated axial compression; IAF = intra-articular fracture; MEN = meniscus destabilization; n/a = not applicable; n/d = not determined; GrI = graded instability; PAO = peri-acetabular osteotomy