Fig. 1.

Sputum metagenomics workflow. a Overview of the procedure. b Concentration of extractable DNA in sputum, across subject groups. c Fraction of non-human DNA sequence reads across subject groups. d Fraction of DNA sequence reads of a representative healthy sample, further broken down according to taxonomic assignability to the assembled nucleotides from non-human fraction. e Taxonomic composition of all taxonomically assignable, non-human sequences, at genus level (for each of the control groups, only one representative sample is shown). All genera constituting at least 4.5% of the annotated fraction in each sample are assigned with a color code