Table 1. Baseline Population Characteristics of Low-Income Participants With Poorly Controlled Diabetes, Peer Support for Achieving Independence in Diabetes (Peer-AID), Seattle, Washington, 2010–2014.
| Characteristics | Control (n = 142) | Intervention (n = 145) | Total Population (n = 287) | P Valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic Characteristics | ||||
| Female, % | 52.8 | 44.8 | 48.8 | .18 |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 51.7 (9.5) | 53.3 (9.1) | 52.5 (9.3) | .13 |
| Less than high school education, % | 32.6 | 35.9 | 34.3 | .56 |
| Married, % | 32.4 | 33.1 | 32.8 | .90 |
| Employed, % | 25.4 | 31.7 | 28.6 | .23 |
| Hispanic, % | 40.9 | 44.8 | 42.9 | .50 |
| Race, % | ||||
| White | 42.8 | 48.3 | 45.6 | .61 |
| Black | 29.0 | 24.1 | 26.5 | |
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 7.3 | 4.8 | 6.0 | |
| Asian | 5.8 | 5.5 | 5.7 | |
| Multiracial | 5.0 | 9.0 | 7.0 | |
| Other | 10.1 | 8.3 | 9.2 | |
| Clinical Characteristics | ||||
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 34.7 (9.4) | 32.5 (8.3) | 33.6 (8.9) | .04 |
| Obese, %b | 63 | 54 | 59 | .10 |
| Use oral agents for diabetes, % | 100.0 | 98.3 | 99.1 | .16 |
| Use insulin, % | 63 | 58 | 61 | .39 |
| Duration of diabetes, mean (SD), y | 11.4 (8.2) | 10.6 (6.9) | 10.9 (7.6) | .38 |
| Low medication adherence, % | 44.4 | 45.1 | 44.7 | .91 |
| Low physical activity level, % | 64.5 | 62.8 | 63.6 | .75 |
| Fair or poor self-rated health, % | 61.7 | 40.3 | 51.1 | .001 |
| Moderate or severe depressive symptoms,c % | 27.0 | 28.0 | 27.5 | .85 |
| Self-reported medical conditions, % | ||||
| Depression/anxiety | 55.6 | 49.0 | 52.3 | .26 |
| High cholesterol | 62.7 | 67.0 | 64.8 | .45 |
| High blood pressure | 73.2 | 67.6 | 70.4 | .29 |
| Uninsured, % | 41.8 | 44.7 | 43.3 | .63 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SD, standard deviation.
a
P value for χ2 test for categorical variables and t test for continuous variables.
b
BMI >30 kg/m2.
c
Patient Health Questionnaire depression scale (PHQ-8) score ≥10 (14).