Table 2. Changes in Primary and Secondary Outcomes for Participants From Baseline to 12 Months, Peer Support for Achieving Independence in Diabetes (Peer-AID), Seattle, Washington, 2010–2014a .
| Measure | Control (n = 142) |
Intervention (n = 145) |
Intervention Effect |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 12 months | Difference (95% CI) | Baseline | 12 months | Difference (95% CI) | Adjusted Difference (95% CI) | P Value | |
| HbA1c, mean % (SD) | 9.04 (1.92) | 8.71 (2.15) | −0.33 (−0.68 to 0.03) | 9.09 (1.66) | 8.58 (1.88) | −0.51 (−0.88 to −0.15) | −0.14 (−0.58 to 0.30) | .54 |
| Total cholesterol to HDL ratiob (SD) | 4.2 (1.8) | 4.0 (1.1) | −0.2 (−0.5 to 0.2) | 4.2 (1.1) | 4.2 (1.3) | 0.01 (−0.2 to 0.2) | 0.2 (−0.4 to 0.8) | .53 |
| Systolic BP, mean (SD), mm Hg | 128.4 (20.1) | 128.7 (19.5) | 0.3 (−2.8 to 3.3) | 131.0 (19.9) | 130.3 (17.4) | −0.7 (−3.8 to 2.47) | −0.2 (−3.9 to 3.5) | .90 |
| Diastolic BP, mean (SD), mm Hg | 80.9 (11.5) | 80.5 (11.0) | −0.5 (−2.6 to 1.5) | 82.6 (10.5) | 81.0 (9.2) | −1.6 (−3.5 to 0.3) | −0.2 (−2.5 to 2.2) | .85 |
| BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 35.0 (9.4) | 34.6 (9.3) | −0.4 (−0.9 to 0.1) | 32.4 (7.7) | 32.6 (7.6) | 0.3 (−0.3 to 0.9) | 0.53 (−0.2 to 1.3) | .17 |
| HRQOL, MCS score, mean (SD) | 46.1 (12.1) | 46.9 (14.2) | 0.8 (−1.6 to 3.3) | 48.1 (11.9) | 49.9 (11.3) | 1.9 (−0.4 to 4.2) | 1.7 (−1.2 to 4.7) | .25 |
| HRQOL, PCS score, mean (SD) | 40.2 (10.6) | 40.4 (11.5) | 0.3 (−1.4 to 1.9) | 39.7 (11.9) | 42.1 (12.1) | 2.4 (0.8 to 4.1) | 1.9 (−0.2 to 4.1) | .07 |
| Diabetes-specific HRQOL score, mean (SD) | 3.0 (2.2) | 3.1 (2.1) | 0.04 (−0.3 to 0.4) | 3.1 (2.3) | 2.9 (2.1) | −0.3 (−0.7 to 0.1) | −0.3 (−0.7 to 0.2) | .22 |
| Social burden subscale of Diabetes-39 score,c mean (SD) | 21.7 (23.3) | 23.0 (25.9) | 1.4 (−2.9 to 5.7) | 21.2 (23.4) | 17.4 (22.3) | −3.7 (−8.2 to 0.7) | −5.3 (−10.7 to 0.03) | .05 |
| Outpatient clinic visits in past year, n (SD) | 10.0 (11.3) | 9.4 (10.2) | — | 8.6 (8.8) | 7.8 (6.3) | — | 0.85 (0.79 to 0.93)d | <.001 |
| ED visits in past year, n (SD) | 0.6 (1.2) | 0.7 (1.3) | — | 0.8 (1.7) | 0.7 (1.3) | — | 0.83 (0.60 to 1.15)d | .26 |
| Hospitalizations in past year, n (SD) | 0.7 (2.3) | 0.5 (0.9) | — | 0.2 (0.6) | 0.4 (0.8) | — | 1.02 (0.65 to 1.59) | .95 |
| Hospitalized in past year, n (%) | 49 (35) | 38 (28) | — | 25 (17) | 28 (22) | — | 0.95e (0.52–1.74) | .86 |
| ED visit in past year, n (%) | 46 (32) | 46 (35) | — | 59 (41) | 49 (38) | — | 1.12e (0.64–1.96) | .69 |
Abbreviations: —, not applicable; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CI, confidence interval; ED, emergency department; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HRQOL, health-related quality of life; MCS, 12-item Short-Form Health Survey, Mental Component Summary scale (10); PCS, 12-item Short-Form Health Survey, Physical Component Summary scale (10); SD, standard deviation.
Each outcome uses the analysis data set with observed baseline and 12-month values — “complete case.” Baseline and 12 months values are unadjusted.
n = 252 (n = 123 in the control group and n = 129 in the intervention group). Data were missing for 35 participants.
Diabetes-39 scales (11).
Poisson zero-inflated model: multiplicative effect — mean number for the intervention group is x times the mean number for the control group.
Odds ratio.