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Passively scattered proton therapy dose distributions for a non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patient computed with (a) Monte Carlo simulations and (b) a conventional commercial treatment planning system (TPS). Panel (c) shows the TPS – MC difference dose distribution, illustrating the under-dosing in conventional model predictions. Similarly the difference MC – TPS (not shown) would illustrate regions of over-dosing. (Mirkovic, et al. Unpublished, private communication)
