Table 1.
Baseline demographic, clinical and cognitive characteristics of the intention-to-treat sample
| Variables | YT (104) | PE (90) | TAU (92) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic variables | ||||
| Age (years) | 34.76 (9.56) | 35.20 (9.49) | 35.72 (10.06) | 0.79 |
| Gender (men/women) | 62/42 | 62/28 | 57/35 | 0.38 |
| Education in years of schooling† | 10.24 (4.05) | 9.38 (4.07) | 8.76 (4.54) | 0.05 |
| Married/not married | 51/53 | 51/39 | 55/37 | 0.26 |
| Occupation* | 2/3/9/90 | 0/1/7/82 | 0/3/6/83 | 0.60 |
| HOH occupation* | 6/23/23/52 | 4/14/15/57 | 7/12/11/62 | 0.16 |
| Clinical variables | ||||
| Total SAPS score | 12.44 (11.50) | 13.30 (12.93) | 10.52 (12.55) | 0.31 |
| Total SANS score | 23.58 (18.09) | 24.02 (18.10) | 24.82 (18.69) | 0.89 |
| Age at onset (years) | 24.88 (7.64) | 24.37 (7.24) | 25.48 (8.17) | 0.63 |
| Duration of illness in weeks | 440.99 (307.79) | 451.79 (307.91) | 444.37 (316.21) | 0.97 |
| Global Assessment of Functioning Score (past month) | 37.7 (14.87) | 36.73 (13.73) | 40.01 (16.54) | 0.33 |
| MMMSE score | 26.21 (6.01) | 25.91 (7.24) | 25.05 (7.25) | 0.50 |
| Cognitive domain Z scores | ||||
| Accuracy | ||||
| Abstraction and mental flexibility | −1.670 (0.656) | −1.72 (0.541) | −1.813 (0.606) | 0.28 |
| Attention | −1.049 (1.241) | −1.184 (1.432) | −1.101 (1.403) | 0.84 |
| Face memory | −0.709 (1.069) | −0.864 (1.320) | −1.001 (0.974) | 0.22 |
| Spatial memory† | −0.715 (0.928) | −0.754 (0.912) | −1.054 (1.009) | 0.03 |
| Working memory | −1.342 (1.119) | −1.556 (1.253) | −1.494 (1.247) | 0.48 |
| Spatial ability | −0.379 (0.882) | −0.372 (0.773) | −0.349 (0.704) | 0.98 |
| Sensorimotor | −0.172 (1.176) | −0.099 (1.098) | −0.371 (1.263) | 0.29 |
| Emotion† | −0.823 (0.931) | −1.019 (0.848) | −1.199 (0.836) | 0.02 |
| Speed | ||||
| Abstraction and mental flexibility | −0.756 (1.466) | −0.669 (0.902) | −0.801 (1.293) | 0.78 |
| Attention | −1.104 (1.926) | −1.092 (1.721) | −1.092 (1.412) | 0.10 |
| Face memory | −2.024 (5.306) | −1.689 (5.170) | −1.151 (2.939) | 0.45 |
| Spatial memory† | −0.630 (2.218) | −0.018 (1.789) | −0.073 (1.329) | 0.04 |
| Working memory | −0.587 (1.547) | −0.830 (1.432) | −0.998 (1.986) | 0.27 |
| Spatial ability | −1.512 (2.448) | −1.994 (2.297) | −1.608 (2.059) | 0.52 |
| Sensorimotor | −0.099 (1.021) | −0.071 (0.955) | −0.401 (1.863) | 0.19 |
| Emotion | −0.892 (2.337) | −0.740 (1.857) | −0.406 (1.600) | 0.25 |
HOH, head of the household; MMMSE, Modified Mini Mental State Examination from Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies (DIGS); PE, supervised physical exercise training with TAU; SANS, Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms; SAPS, Scale for Assessment of Positive Symptoms; TAU, treatment as usual; YT, supervised yoga training with TAU.
Continuous variables listed as mean (SD). Performance estimates for cognitive domains are listed as the mean (SD) of standardised Z scores as described in Methods section.
Occupations were considered under the following four categories, derived from the DIGS: managerial and professional specialty occupations; technical, sales and administrative support occupations; service occupations (household, protective); and all other occupations (farming, forestry, fishing, mechanic, construction, transportation, labourers, armed services, homemaker, student, unemployed, retired).
No significant difference after adjustment for multiple comparisons.