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. 2017 Feb 13;7:41618. doi: 10.1038/srep41618

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Copyright © 2017, The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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(A) The ¹H-NMR spectra of γ-PGA; (B) the ¹H-NMR spectra of fluorescein isothiocynate (FITC); (C) the ¹H-NMR spectra of preparative FITC-PGA; (D) laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) scanning images of root protoplasts after treatment with FITC, FITC-PGA, or γ-PGA plus FITC-PGA, respectively.