Table 1. Characteristics of Studies Included in Figure 1.

Source	Cohort	Assessment instrument	Classification system
a Lifetime estimates for the Christchurch Health and Development Study were provided by L. J. Horwood, October 7, 2015.
Registry data
Pedersen et al. (2014)	Danish Registry Data. All Danish residents (N = approx. 5.6 million)	Individuals were classified with a mental disorder if they had been admitted to a psychiatric hospital, received outpatient psychiatric care, or visited a psychiatric emergency unit.	ICD–8, ICD–9, ICD–10
Epidemiological surveys
Kessler et al. (1994)	National Comorbity Survey (NCS). Stratified, multistage area probability sample of persons aged 15 to 54 in the noninstitutionalized civilian population in the 48 coterminous United States (N = 8098).	Modified version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI)	DSM–III–R
Kessler et al. (2005)	National Comorbity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Nationally-representative sample of English-speaking household residents aged 18 years or older in the coterminous United States (N = 9282).	World Mental Health Survey Initiative Version of the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH-CIDI).	DSM–IV
Longitudinal studies
Copeland et al. (2011)	Great Smoky Mountains Cohort. A representative sample of three cohorts of children ages 9, 11, and 13 years on intake from 11 counties in western North Carolina (N = 1420).	Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (CAPA) until age 16; Young Adult Psychiatric Assessment (YAPA) at ages 19 and 21.	DSM–IV
Farmer et al. (2013)	Oregon Adolescent Depression Project. Cohort of high school students randomly selected from nine high schools in western Oregon (N = 816).	Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children (K-SADS), Longitudinal Interval Follow-Up Evaluation (LIFE), Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–IV (SCID).	DSM–III–R, DSM–IV
Angst et al. (2015)	The Zurich Cohort Study of Young Adults. Community-based cohort of 4,547 people aged 19–20 from Zurich Switzerland. A stratified subsample was selected for interview, with two-thirds consisting of high scorers on the global severity index of the SCL–90–R (N = 591).	Structured Psychopathological Interview and Rating of the Social Consequences of Psychological Disturbances for Epidemiology’ (SPIKE), a semi-structured interview.	DSM–III, DSM–III–R, DSM–IV
Horwood (2015)a	The Christchurch Health and Development Study. Population representative, Christchurch New Zealand birth cohort (N = 1265)	Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC), Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI).	DSM–III–R, DSM–IV
Present study	Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health & Development Study. Population-representative Dunedin, New Zealand birth cohort (N = 1037)	Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS).	DSM–III, DSM-III–R, DSM–IV