Table 3. Childhood Predictors of Lifetime Mental Health History in the Dunedin Cohort.

Predictors	0 waves vs. 1–2 waves		0 waves vs. 3 + waves		1–2 waves vs. 3 + waves
	Risk ratio (95% CI)	p	Risk ratio (95% CI)	p	Risk ratio (95% CI)	p
Note. “Risk” of membership in the group diagnosed at fewer waves was calculated by entering each predictor into a Poisson regression predicting age 38 mental health group membership (0 waves vs. 1–2 waves, 0 waves vs. 3 + waves, and 1–2 waves vs. 3 + waves), controlling for sex. To facilitate comparison across predictors, all variables were standardized to a mean of 0 (representing the mean of the full cohort) and a standard deviation of 1. CI = confidence interval; SES = socioeconomic status.
Demographic information
Parental SES	0.95 [0.84, 1.07]	.399	1.13 [1.00, 1.28]	.053	1.13 [1.06, 1.21]	<.001
Family environment
Positive family climate (ages 7–9)	1.07 [0.92, 1.24]	.382	1.20 [1.04, 1.38]	.012	1.10 [1.01, 1.18]	.017
Negative discipline (ages 7–9)	0.85 [0.73, 1.00]	.044	0.72 [0.62, 0.83]	<.001	0.87 [0.81, 0.94]	<.001
Maltreatment (ages 3–11)	0.80 [0.63, 1.02]	.077	0.68 [0.58, 0.81]	<.001	0.85 [0.79, 0.92]	<.001
Parental loss (ages 3–11)	0.72 [0.57, 0.91]	.006	0.64 [0.50, 0.81]	<.001	0.92 [0.86, 1.00]	.038
Physical health
Perinatal Complications (birth)	0.98 [0.86, 1.12]	.755	0.92 [0.80, 1.06]	.261	0.96 [0.89, 1.04]	.323
Childhood health (ages 3–11)	1.08 [0.94, 1.25]	.261	1.25 [1.08, 1.43]	.002	1.11 [1.03, 1.19]	.006
Cognitive ability
Early childhood IQ (ages 3–5)	1.10 [0.96, 1.26]	.176	1.27 [1.18, 1.44]	<.001	1.11 [1.03, 1.19]	.004
WISC IQ (ages 7–11)	1.00 [0.87, 1.16]	.958	1.22 [1.07, 1.39]	.003	1.16 [1.08, 1.25]	<.001
Temperament/personality
Emotional difficulties (ages 5–11)	0.80 [0.70, 0.92]	.002	0.71 [0.62, 0.81]	<.001	0.92 [0.86, 0.99]	.024
Social isolation (ages 5–11)	0.82 [0.70, 0.96]	.013	0.76 [0.66, 0.88]	<.001	0.94 [0.88, 1.01]	.098
Low self-control (ages 3–11)	0.73 [0.60, 0.89]	.002	0.60 [0.49, 0.72]	<.001	0.84 [0.78, 0.92]	<.001
Family history
Proportion of 1st degree relatives with indicators of mental disorder	0.79 [0.69, 0.92]	.002	0.64 [0.55, 0.74]	<.001	0.87 [0.81, 0.94]	<.001