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. 2014 Feb 6;4(1):129–154. doi: 10.3390/nano4010129

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© 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Surface functionalization of UCNPs and their functional groups for biological applications. Adapted with permission and modified from references [27,28,29,30,31]. Copyright: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013.