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. 2014 Feb 6;4(1):129–154. doi: 10.3390/nano4010129

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© 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

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Bioluminescent images of firefly luciferase (fLuc) activity in living mice that were treated with D-luciferin. (a) Experimental design for uncaging D-luciferin and subsequent bioluminescence through the use of photo-caged core-shell upconversion nanoparticles. (b) Left: injection with D-luciferin (20 μM, 20 μL); right: injection with photo-caged nanoparticles without NIR light irradiation. (c) Left: injection with photo-caged nanoparticles and irradiation with UV light for 10 min; right: injection with photo-caged nanoparticles and irradiation with NIR light for 1 h. Adapted with permission from reference [62]. Copyright: John Wiley and Sons, 2012.