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. 2015 Aug 21;5(3):1397–1417. doi: 10.3390/nano5031397

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© 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Raman spectra of the surfaces of 10 mol/L-KOH-treated Ti, 10 mol/L-KOH-treated TAV and 20 mol/L-KOH-treated TN and untreated substrates. Compared with untreated substrates, Ti–O–K bonds were clearly observed in all KOH-treated Ti, TAV and TN substrates. The general trend for structural changes is remarkably similar within the same morphology, indicating that the TiO₂ phase, which is made of Ti–O bonds, and K-incorporated Ti–Oxide phase, made of Ti–O–K bonds, are generated by rearranging the atoms in the Ti metal. Note that the Ti–O–K bonds peaks were detected in the region <400 cm⁻¹ and the Ti–O bonds peaks were detected in the region 400–1000 cm⁻¹.