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. 2015 Dec 17;5(4):2317–2334. doi: 10.3390/nano5042317

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© 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) release from RAW264.7 murine macrophages on exposure to different stimulating agents: pDNA and MDP applied either alone or in combination in solution, or with TMC nanoparticles (TMC-NP), SWE06, and Cationorm^®, respectively. Bars represent mean values (n = 3) ± SEM. pDNA loaded nanoformulations were compared with either pDNA alone (*) or with [pDNA + MDP] loaded nanoformulations (*), and [pDNA + MDP] in solution with [nanocarrier + pDNA + MDP] (x). Significant differences were indicated with ** (p < 0.01), *** (p < 0.001), and ns (not significant).