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TNF-α release from RAW264.7 murine macrophages treated with or without RIP2 tyrosine kinase blocker gefitinib. Stimulants were pDNA and MDP in combination, applied either in solution or with TMC nanoparticles, SWE06, or Cationorm®, respectively. Significantly reduced activity by receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 (RIP2) blocking compared to unblocked NLR-2 pathway are indicated with * (p < 0.05), ** (p < 0.01), and *** (p < 0.001).
