Table 3. Effect of 2 SD change of joint angles on peak net moments at the hip, knee and ankle evaluated as a change from the original value in N m and percentages.
| Manipulated parameter | ΔJoint angle (°) | ΔPeak net joint moment (N m) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hip | Knee | Ankle | |||||||||||||
| Hip | Knee | Ankle | Flex | Ext | Flex | Ext | Plant | Dors | |||||||
| Hip ext | −8 | −4 | −4 | −12.5 | (23%) | 9.5 | (12%) | −1.9 | (10%) | 1.8 | (6%) | −2.5 | (19%) | 4.8 | (5%) |
| Hip flex | +8 | +4 | +4 | 13.3 | (25%) | −9.7 | (12%) | 1.9 | (10%) | −1.9 | (7%) | 2.7 | (20%) | −4.8 | (5%) |
| Knee ext | −4 | −8 | +4 | 1.7 | (3%) | 0.3 | (0%) | −18.6 | (97%) | 16.9 | (60%) | 0.0 | (0%) | 0.0 | (0%) |
| Knee flex | +4 | +8 | −4 | −2.2 | (4%) | −0.8 | (1%) | 18.4 | (96%) | −16.3 | (58%) | 0.0 | (0%) | 0.0 | (0%) |
| Ankle plant | +4 | −4 | +8 | 15.5 | (26%) | −8.9 | (11%) | −16.7 | (87%) | 15.0 | (52%) | 2.7 | (19%) | −4.8 | (5%) |
| Ankle dors | −4 | +4 | −8 | −14.2 | (29%) | 9.0 | (11%) | 16.6 | (87%) | −14.5 | (53%) | −2.6 | (20%) | 4.8 | (5%) |
| Hip ext + knee ext | −8 | −8 | 0 | −7.3 | (13%) | 6.5 | (8%) | −13.7 | (71%) | 12.4 | (44%) | −1.7 | (13%) | 3.2 | (3%) |
| Hip flex + knee flex | +8 | +8 | 0 | 7.2 | (13%) | −7.1 | (9%) | 13.6 | (71%) | −12.2 | (44%) | 1.7 | (13%) | −3.2 | (4%) |
| Hip ext + ankle dors | −8 | 0 | −8 | −17.5 | (32%) | 12.5 | (16%) | 9.8 | (51%) | −8.6 | (31%) | −3.3 | (25%) | 6.5 | (7%) |
| Hip flex + ankle plant | +8 | 0 | +8 | 19.6 | (36%) | −12.3 | (15%) | −9.9 | (52%) | 8.6 | (31%) | 3.7 | (27%) | −6.3 | (7%) |
| Knee ext + ankle plant | 0 | −8 | +8 | 11.4 | (21%) | −5.7 | (7%) | −23.5 | (123%) | 21.4 | (76%) | 1.8 | (13%) | −3.2 | (3%) |
| Knee flex + ankle dors | 0 | +8 | −8 | −11.1 | (20%) | 5.4 | (7%) | 23.3 | (122%) | −20.4 | (73%) | −1.8 | (13%) | 3.2 | (3%) |
In joint moment changes, positive values indicate increase of the peak and negative values indicate decrease of the peak; ext, extension; flex, flexion; plant, plantarflexion; dors, dorsiflexion; the resulting posture for each manipulation is shown in Fig 5.