FIGURE 1.

Mucosal–plasma chemokine gradients in women who remained uninfected (controls; n = 50) and in HIV- women who subsequently acquired HIV (cases; n = 57) during the CAPRISA 004 trial. Intercompartmental cytokine gradients were determined by quantifying the difference between standardized cytokine concentrations of the female genital tract and blood plasma for each participant. Four of the 5 gradients associated with HIV outcome in multivariate analysis are depicted here: (A) IP-10, (B) MIP-1β, (C) IL-8, and (D) monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1). “Positive” gradients are indicative of higher relative levels in the genital tract compared with the blood.