Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics and Measures of Vision, Psychometrics, Mobility, and Self-reported Questionnaires in Controls and Patients with Bilateral Moderate and Advanced Glaucoma.
| Characteristic | Controls (n = 38) | Glaucoma (n = 21) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 70.2 (8.4) | 71.5 (8.5) | 0.56 |
| Women, % | 47.4 | 28.6 | 0.16 |
| Caucasian, % | 50.0 | 47.6 | 0.86 |
| Married, % | 47.4 | 71.4 | 0.07 |
| Years of education, mean (SD) | 15.0 (3.3) | 14.4 (2.4) | 0.55 |
|
| |||
| Medical | |||
| Number of co-morbidities, mean (SD) | 1.9 (1.4) | 2.2 (1.6) | 0.48 |
| Geriatric Depression Scale, mean (SD) | 0.4 (0.8) | 0.5 (0.8) | 0.77 |
| Epworth Sleepiness Scale, mean (SD) | 5.0 (2.5) | 5.8 (3.6) | 0.42 |
|
| |||
| Vision | |||
| ETDRS Distance Visual Acuity, mean (SD) | |||
| Better Eye | 53.3 (4.7) | 51.4 (6.0) | 0.16 |
| Worse Eye | 43.7 (10.9) | 35.7 (19.6) | 0.22 |
| Binocular | 55.1 (4.8) | 52.4 (6.5) | 0.06 |
| Sloan Near Visual Acuity, mean (SD) | |||
| Better Eye | 64.8 (6.9) | 61.6 (7.1) | 0.08 |
| Worse Eye | 54.7 (12.5) | 46.4 (20.7) | 0.33 |
| Binocular | 64.4 (10.4) | 64.9 (6.6) | 0.95 |
| Binocular Contrast sensitivity, logCS (SD) | 1.7 (0.2) | 1.4 (0.2) | <0.0001 |
| Binocular Glare, Cd/m2 (SD) | 108.1 (54.1) | 98.1 (59.2) | 0.38 |
|
| |||
| Psychometrics | |||
| Short Blessed Test, mean (SD) | 1.8 (2.3) | 2.4 (2.9) | 0.47 |
| Clock Drawing Test, Freund score, mean (SD) | 6.5 (1.0) | 6.3 (0.9) | 0.25 |
| Snellgrove Maze Task completion, mean (SD), s | 35.2 (11.6) | 48.1 (18.9) | 0.002 |
| Trail Making Test A, mean (SD), s | 43.5 (14.6) | 61.9 (27.7) | 0.009 |
| Trail Making Test B, mean (SD), s | 115.4 (51.3) | 160.5 (77.5) | 0.02 |
| Useful Field of View, mean (SD), ms | 180.5 (106.7) | 298.9 (143.1) | 0.004 |
| Motor-Free Visual Perception Test, mean (SD), no. incorrect | 2.2 (1.6) | 2.1 (1.8) | 0.67 |
|
| |||
| Mobility | |||
| Cervical range of motion, mean (SD), degree | |||
| Right | 61.0 (10.5) | 61.2 (7.3) | 0.49 |
| Left | 61.8 (11.5) | 63.0 (7.3) | 0.75 |
| Jamar grip strength, mean (SD), lb | |||
| Right | 56.6 (23.3) | 62.2 (15.9) | 0.28 |
| Left | 54.3 (23.0) | 59.7 (14.6) | 0.26 |
| Nine-Hole Peg Test, mean (SD), s | |||
| Right | 22.7 (3.5) | 24.7 (5.8) | 0.31 |
| Left | 23.4 (2.8) | 24.6 (4.0) | 0.29 |
| Rapid Pace Walk, mean (SD), s | 6.0 (1.5) | 6.4 (1.9) | 0.46 |
| Braking Response Time, mean (SD), s | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.69 |
|
| |||
| Driving Experience and Knowledge | |||
| Familiar with driving area, % | 18.4 | 23.8 | 0.62 |
| Miles driven per day, mean (SD), mi | 23.7 (19.4) | 22.3 (18.8) | 0.72 |
| Written driving test, mean (SD), no. correct | 11.2 (1.7) | 10.9 (1.8) | 0.52 |
| Sign names, mean (SD), no. correct | 9.2 (2.2) | 9.6 (2.3) | 0.38 |
| Sign function, mean (SD), no. correct | 9.6 (2.0) | 9.8 (2.2) | 0.61 |