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. 2017 Feb 14;11:30. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00030

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Integrated view of clinical and fundamental research interventions in bipolar disorder (BD). BD patients have neuropsychiatric symptoms and metabolic comorbidities that can be associated to mitochondrial dysfunction and low energetic status. Oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, reduced autophagy and changes in glutamatergic neurotransmission are consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction and altered glucose metabolism contributing to the vulnerability of BD cells. Clinical and cellular features can be used to inform and validate cellular phenotypes useful in the construction of new research model systems (mouse models and induced pluripotent stem cells- iPSCs technology). Elucidation of pathways involved in BD pathology can lead to the development of novel therapies.