Table 2.
Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models of factors associated with food insecurity in 525 HIV-HCV co-infected study participants between November 2012 and June 2014, Canada
| Univariate OR (95 % CI)a | p valueb | Multivariate aOR (95 % CI) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic | ||||
| Intercept | – | – | 4.78 (0.98, 23.41) | 0.054 |
| Age: per 5-year increase | 0.85 (0.77, 0.94) | <0.001 | 0.90 (0.81, 1.00) | 0.057 |
| Male | 1.58 (1.07, 2.31) | 0.020 | 1.26 (0.78, 2.04) | 0.343 |
| Born in Canada | 1.09 (0.62, 1.91) | 0.764 | – | – |
| Province of enrolment | – | – | – | – |
| British Columbia | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Ontario | 0.50 (0.31, 0.81) | 0.005 | 0.74 (0.43, 1.27) | 0.275 |
| Quebec | 0.45 (0.30, 0.65) | <0.001 | 0.42 (0.27, 0.67) | <0.001* |
| Otherc | 0.24 (0.07, 0.84) | 0.025 | 0.49 (0.14, 1.73) | 0.265 |
| Aboriginal | 1.75 (1.08, 2.82) | 0.022 | 1.12 (0.58, 2.13) | 0.759 |
| Heterosexual | 1.52 (1.07, 2.16) | 0.019 | 1.12 (0.73, 1.70) | 0.605 |
| Living aloned | 1.44 (1.09, 1.89) | 0.010 | 1.31 (0.92, 1.87) | 0.128 |
| Without a fixed addressd | 2.19 (1.16, 4.14) | 0.016 | 1.19 (0.50, 2.84) | 0.689 |
| Recent changes in housing situatione | 1.44 (1.06, 1.95) | 0.021 | 1.11 (0.73, 1.68) | 0.635 |
| Recent incarceratione | 1.96 (1.14, 3.36) | 0.015 | 1.11 (0.59, 2.08) | 0.749 |
| Socioeconomic | ||||
| Employmentd | 0.34 (0.24, 0.49) | <0.001 | 0.55 (0.35, 0.87) | 0.010* |
| Average personal monthly income ($ CAD): per $100 increasee | 0.96 (0.93, 0.99) | 0.012 | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99) | 0.001* |
| More than high school education | 0.45 (0.30, 0.66) | <0.001 | 0.72 (0.45, 1.13) | 0.155 |
| Behavioral | ||||
| Recent injection drug usee | 2.79 (2.02, 3.85) | <0.001 | 1.98 (1.33, 2.96) | <0.001* |
| Marijuana used | 1.82 (1.37, 2.42) | <0.001 | 1.41 (0.99, 2.01) | 0.060 |
| Cigarette used | 1.67 (1.18, 2.35) | 0.004 | 0.98 (0.65, 1.50) | 0.940 |
| Alcohol used | 1.28 (0.97, 1.67) | 0.077 | 1.21 (0.84, 1.75) | 0.301 |
| >5 alcoholic drinks per dayd | 1.55 (1.06, 2.25) | 0.023 | 1.21 (0.75, 1.94) | 0.433 |
| Trading away foode,f | 5.99 (3.53, 10.16) | <0.001 | 5.23 (2.53, 10.81) | <0.001* |
| Clinical | ||||
| Taking cARTd | 0.52 (0.31, 0.88) | 0.015 | 0.68 (0.36, 1.29) | 0.237 |
| Self-described health state—visual analogue scale (0–100): per 5-point increased | 0.93 (0.89, 0.96) | <0.001 | 0.98 (0.94, 1.02) | 0.242 |
| Therapy for drug addictione | 1.16 (0.79, 1.71) | 0.452 | – | – |
| Recent depressive symptoms (CES-D-10) (in the past week) | 2.78 (2.06, 3.74) | <0.001 | 2.11 (1.48, 3.01) | <0.001* |
| Unmet healthcare needse | 2.25 (1.55, 3.26) | <0.001 | 1.55 (0.93, 2.57) | 0.091 |
a OR odds ratios, 95 % CI confidence intervals, and aOR adjusted ORs estimated from logistic regression models (outcome: food secure vs. food insecure) using GEE
bFactors p < 0.1 in univariate models were included in the multivariate model
cProvinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Nova Scotia
dReference period: currently
eReference period: in the past 6 months
fTrading away food for: tobacco, personal or household items, drugs, alcohol, sex, a place to stay
* p < 0.05