Table 2.

Urban residence, population density, sanitation, and mortality: International sample

	Infant Mortality Deaths per 1,000
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Urban	–16.06***	–7.050***	–6.047***			–5.751**
	(1.502)	(1.614)	(1.753)			(1.760)
Local Open Defecation		27.22***	28.28***		32.38***	28.71***
		(3.945)	(4.119)		(2.924)	(3.742)
Urban × Local Open Defecation			5.592†			4.472
			(3.256)			(3.288)
ln(Density)				–2.121***	–0.331	0.0357
				(0.578)	(0.645)	(0.626)
ln(Density) × Local Open Defecation					3.321*	2.929*
					(1.381)	(1.366)
n (live births)	1,112,465	1,112,465	1,112,465	1,112,465	1,112,465	1,112,465

Notes: Standard errors are clustered by 172 DHS. All regressions include a country fixed effect. Interacted variables are demeaned to preserve interpretation across columns.

^† p < .10; *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001 (two-sided tests)