Table 3.
Associations between the Drug Burden Index [DBI] and physical and cognitive function, and quality of life
| Outcome category | S/NS | Outcome | DBI categorisation | Statistic |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical function and IADL | ||||
| Cao et al., 2008 [24] | S | Mobility difficulty | Anticholinergics | OR: 3.2 [95% CI: 1.5–6.9] |
| S | Slow gait | Anticholinergics | OR: 3.6 [95% CI: 1.6–8.0] | |
| S | Balance difficulty | Anticholinergics | OR: 4.9 [95% CI: 2.0–12.0] | |
| S | Chair stands | Anticholinergics | OR: 4.2 [95% CI: 2.0–8.7] | |
| S | Grip strength | Anticholinergics | OR: 2.4 [95% CI: 1.1–5.3] | |
| S | Upper extremity | Anticholinergics | OR: 2.7 [95% CI: 1.3–5.4] | |
| S | ADL | Anticholinergics | OR: 3.4 [95% CI: 1.7–6.9] | |
| S | Mobility difficulty | Sedatives | OR: 2.4 [95% CI: 1.1–5.3] | |
| NS | Slow gait | Sedatives | OR: 0.9 [95% CI: 0.4–1.9] | |
| NS | Balance difficulty | Sedatives | OR: 1.7 [95% CI: 0.7–4.0] | |
| NS | Chair stands | Sedatives | OR: 1.8 [95% CI: 0.8–3.9] | |
| S | Grip strength | Sedatives | OR: 3.3 [95% CI: 1.5–7.3] | |
| NS | Upper extremity | Sedatives | OR: 2.0 [95% CI: 1.0–4.2] | |
| NS | ADL | Sedatives | OR: 1.2 [95% CI: 0.6–2.2] | |
| Gnjidic et al., 2012a [25] | S | 10-m walking speed | DBI > 0 | B: −0.13 [95% CI: −0.19, −0.08] |
| S | Chair stands | DBI > 0 | B: 1.11 [95% CI: 1.05, 1.16] | |
| S | TUG | DBI > 0 | B: 1.13 [95% CI: 1.07, 1.19] | |
| S | IADL | DBI > 0 | B: −0.61 [95% CI: −0.84, −0.39] | |
| S | ADL | DBI > 0 | B: −3.21 [95% CI: −4.68, −1.75] | |
| NS | Grip strength | DBI > 0 | B: −0.98 [95% CI: −2.05, 0.08] | |
| Gnjidic et al., 2009 [26] | NS | Chair stands | DBI > 0 | B: 0.58 [95% CI: −0.11, 1.27] |
| S | Walking speed | DBI > 0 | B: −0.03 [95% CI: −0.05, −0.00] | |
| S | Narrow walk speed | DBI > 0 | B: −0.03 [95% CI: −0.05, −0.01] | |
| S | Balance difficulty | DBI > 0 | B: −0.11 [95% CI: −0.18, −0.03] | |
| S | Grip strength | DBI > 0 | B: −1.09 [95% CI: −1.90, −0.28] | |
| S | IADL | DBI > 0 | B: 0.18 [95% CI: 0.04, 0.32] | |
| Gnjidic et al., 2012b [27] | S | SPPB | Continuous | B: −1.28 [95% CI: −2.53, −0.04] |
| NS | Grip strength [kg] | Continuous | B: 0.10 [95% CI: −2.54, 2.74] | |
| Hilmer et al., 2009 [34] | S | SPPB | AUCDB | B: −0.08, t value: 2.46, p < .01 |
| S | Gait speed | AUCDB | B: −0.01, t value: −2.86, p = 0.004 | |
| S | Grip strength | AUCDB | B: −0.27, t value: −2.87, p = .004 | |
| Hilmer et al., 2007 [6] | S | Health ABC performance score | Continuous | B: −0.15, t value: −5.73, p < .001 |
| Lowry et al., 2012 [29] | S | Barthel Index | Continuous | OR: 0.71 [95% CI: 0.55–0.91] |
| Wilson et al., 2010 [39] | S | Balance | AUCDB sedatives | OR: 1.57 [95% CI: 1.08–2.27] |
| Gnjidic et al., 2012d [32] | S | Prefrail | DBI > 0 | OR: 1.62 [95% CI: 1.21, 2.15] |
| S | Frail | DBI > 0 | OR: 2.14 [95% CI: 1.25, 3.64] | |
| Cognitive function | ||||
| Cao et al., 2008 [24] | S | MMSE | Anticholinergics | OR: 2.4 [95% CI: 1.1–5.1] |
| NS | MMSE | Sedatives | OR: 1.1 [95% CI: 0.5–2.3] | |
| Gnjidic et al., 2012c [28] | NS | ACE | DBI > 0 | OR: 0.98 [95% CI: 0.66–1.47] |
| NS | TMT | DBI > 0 | OR: 0.71 [95% CI: 0.40–1.24] | |
| NS | Cognitive impairment | DBI > 0 | OR: 1.34 [95% CI: 0.83–2.16] | |
| Hilmer et al., 2007 [6] | S | DSST | Continuous | B: −1.51, t value: −2.50, p = .01 |
| Kashyap et al., 2014 [35] | S | TMT-B | Anticholinergic | OR: 2.2 [95% CI: 1.1–8.06]a |
| S | Delayed recall | Anticholinergic | OR: 4.2 [95% CI: 1.8–15.4] | |
| Quality of life | ||||
| Bosboom et al., 2012 [23] | S | QoL | DBI > 0 | B: −4.07 [95% CI: –7.25, −0.89] |
S significant, NS not significant, ACE Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination, ADL activities of daily living, DSST digit symbol substitution test, IADL instrumental activities of daily living, MMSE Mini-Mental Status Examination, QoL quality of life, SPPB Short Physical Performance Battery, TMT Trailmaking Test, TMT-B Trailmaking Test part-B, TUG Time Up and Go test, B unstandardised regression coefficient, OR odds ratio
aNot adjusted for covariates