Table 1.

Summary of physical–chemical characteristics of materials used in this study as reported by manufacturer and measured using XRD and SAXS (details in Supplementary Material)

Sample ID	Reported by manufacturer			XRD and SAXS results
	Particle size	SSA (m2/g)	Density (g/cm3)	Rietveld analysis (%)	Diameter (nm) by SAXS	Scherrer diametera (nm)	Calc. SSAb (m2/g)
Nano-ZnO50 nm	<50 nm	>10.8	5.61		36	33	32.4
Nano-ZnO100 nm	<100 nm	15–25	5.61			48	22.3
Bulk-ZnO	Not reported		5.61			85	12.6
Nano-Zn metal	<50 nmc	35–50	7.133
Bulk-Zn metal	∼100 mesh
Nano-rutile (TiO2)	<100 nm	50	4.17	98 % rutile		80	18.0
				2 % anatase		81
Bulk-rutile (TiO2)	<5 μm		4.17	97 % rutile		123	11.7
				3 % anatase		99
Nano-anatase (TiO2)	<25 nm	45–55	3.9	100 % anatase	10	7	154
Bulk-anatase (TiO2)	Not reported		3.9	100 % anatase		68	22.6
NIST 1898 (TiO2)	37 ± 6 nm (rutile)	55.55 ± 0.70		13 % rutile	29	35	41.1
(24 % rutile and 76 % anatase)	19 ± 2 nm (anatase)			87 % anatase		19	81.0

^aGreater uncertainty outside optimum range for Scherrer (1–65 nm, potentially extending to 100 nm)

^bCalculated specific surface area assuming spherical particles of uniform size: SSA = 6/ρ/d (d = Scherrer diameter; ρ = density)

^cManufacturer note that after sonication the material is disagglomerated into its primary nanoparticles of about 35 nm