Table 1.
Representative AMPs and their modes of action.
| AMPs | Sequence | Mechanism | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maculatin 1.1 | GLFVGVLAKVAAHVVPAIAEHF | Pore | Dye leakage experiment and MD simulations (Chen and Mark, 2011; Sani et al., 2013) |
| Caerin 1.1 | GLLSVLGSVAKHVLPHVVPVIAEHL | Pore | MD simulations (Chen and Mark, 2011) |
| Cateslytin | RSMRLSFRARGYGFR | Pore | MD simulations and Patch-clamp experiment (Jean-François et al., 2008) |
| Gramicidin A | VGALAVVVWLWLWLW | Pore | NMR (Urry, 1971; Ketchem et al., 1993) |
| Alamethicin | PAAAAQAVAGLAPVAAEQ | Barrel stave pore | Ion conductance experiment and statistical analysis (Boheim, 1974; Laver, 1994) |
| Magainin H2 | IIKKFLHSIWKFGKAFVGEIMNI | Pore | Ion conductance experiment and MD simulations (Matsuzaki, 1998; Leontiadou et al., 2006) |
| Melittin | GIGAVLKVLTTGLPALISWIKRKRQQ | Toroidal pore | Dye leakage and grazing-Angle X-Ray Anomalous Diffraction and MD simulations (Yang et al., 2001; Sengupta et al., 2008; Lee et al., 2013; Leveritt et al., 2015) |
| Protegrin 1 | RGGRLCYCRRRFCVCVGR | Pore | Ion conductance experiment (Sokolov et al., 1999) |
| LL-37 | LLGDFFRKSKEKIGKEFKRIVQRIKDFLRNLVPRTES | Toroidal pore | NMR (Henzler Wildman et al., 2003) |
| Indolicidin | ILPWKWPWWPWRR | Pore | Ion conductance experiment (Falla et al., 1996) |
| Pardaxin 1 | GFFALIPKIISSPLFKTLLSAVGSALSSSGEQE | Barrel stave pore | NMR (Porcelli et al., 2004; Ramamoorthy et al., 2010) |
| MSI peptide | GIGKFLHSAKKFGKAFVGEIMNS | Carpet | NMR (Lee et al., 2015) |
| Citropin 1.1 | GLFDVIKKVASVIGGL | Carpet | MD simulations (Chen and Mark, 2011) |
| Aurein 1.2 | GLFDIIKKIAESF | Carpet | Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation, vesicle dye leakage and atomic force microscopy experiments and MD simulations (Chen and Mark, 2011; Fernandez et al., 2012) |
| B2088 | (RGRKVVRR)2KK | Carpet | MD simulations (Li et al., 2013) |
| PL-5 | Ac-KWKSFLKTFKS-A-AKTVLHTALKAISS-amide | In clinical trials. ProteLight-Pharmaceuticalal, 2016a |