Table 2.
Effect estimates (95% CI) for follicular fluid (FF) and urine essential trace elements with IVF outcomes among women
| IVF endpoints | Essential trace elements | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Co | Cr | Cu | Mn | Mo | Zn | |
| FF (n = 44) | ||||||
| Total oocytesa | −0.14 (−0.60, 0.32) | −0.10 (−0.53, 0.33) | 0.75 (−0.10, 1.60) | 0.01 (−0.25, 0.026) | 1.1 × 10−3 (−0.49, 0.48) | 0.11 (−0.69, 0.91) |
| Proportion M2-oocytesb, c, d | −0.34 (−0.70, 0.20) | −0.51 (−0.82, −0.20) * | 0.18 (−0.57, 0.92) | −0.14 (−0.30, 0.02) | 0.04 (−0.25, 0.34) | −0.37 (−0.88, 0.15) |
| Proportion oocytes fertilizedb, c | 0.04 (−0.15, 0.24) | −0.09 (−0.25, 0.06) | −0.04 (−0.36, 0.29) | −0.04 (−0.13, 0.06) | 0.03 (−0.14, 0.21) | −0.30 (−0.58, −0.02) * |
| Total embryosa, e | −0.02 (−0.54, 0.51) | −0.11 (−0.57, 0.35) | 0.50 (−0.35, 1.35) | −0.06 (−0.33, 0.20) | 0.21 (−0.27, 0.69) | −0.11 (−0.94, 0.71) |
| Mean EFSb, c, f | −0.18 (−0.58, 0.22) | −0.15 (−0.44, 0.15) | −0.42 (−1.00, 0.15) | −4.0 × 10−3 (−0.19, 0.18) | 1.0 × 10−3 (−0.33, 0.34) | −0.36 (−0.92, 0.20) |
| Mean ECNb, c, e | −0.39 (−0.75, −0.04) * | 0.16 (−0.16, 0.48) | 0.04 (−0.58, 0.65) | −0.03 (−0.21, 0.15) | 0.27 (−0.06, 0.60) | −0.22 (−0.81, 0.36) |
| Endometrial thicknessb, c, f | 0.20 (0.03, 0.37) * | 0.02 (−0.14, 0.18) | 0.18 (−0.17, 0.52) | 0.02 (−0.08, 0.12) | −0.06 (−0.24, 0.13) | 0.08 (−0.23, 0.38) |
| Implantatione, g | 1.40 (0.55, 3.59) | 0.93 (0.30, 2.89) | 0.47 (0.16, 1.41) | 0.75 (0.42,1.37) | 1.08 (0.39, 3.00) | 0.43 (0.10, 1.85) |
| Pregnancye, g | 1.42 (0.51, 3.95) | 1.19 (0.39, 3.60) | 0.42 (0.12, 1.46) | 0.73 (0.36, 1.48) | 1.13 (0.32, 4.02) | 0.51 (0.09, 2.78) |
| Live birthe, g | 1.59 (0.47, 5.35) | 1.63 (0.53, 5.06) | 0.32 (0.07, 1.47) | 0.90 (0.41, 1.96) | 1.71 (0.52, 5.58) | 0.75 (0.12, 4.63) |
| Urineh (n = 43) | ||||||
| Total oocytesa, b | 0.28 (0.07, 0.49) * | 0.49 (0.19, 0.78) * | 0.31 (0.16, 0.47) * | 0.22 (4.0 × 10 −3 , 0.45) * | 0.31 (0.11, 0.50) * | 0.19 (−0.01, 0.40) |
| Proportion M2-oocytesb, c, d | −0.02 (−0.24, 0.20) | 0.14 (−0.08, 0.35) | −0.06 (−0.22, 0.09) | 0.10 (−0.11, 0.30) | 0.07 (−0.16, 0.30) | 0.01 (−0.32, 0.58) |
| Proportion oocytes fertilizedb, c | 0.03 (−0.09, 0.14) | 0.10 (−0.02, 0.22) | −0.04 (−0.13, 0.04) | 1.0 × 10−3 (−0.12, 0.12) | −0.02 (−0.14, 0.11) | 0.01 (−0.08, 0.09) |
| Total embryosa, e | 0.27 (0.05, 0.48) * | 0.47 (0.15, 0.79) * | 0.23 (0.06, 0.39) * | 0.34 (0.09, 0.59) * | 0.29 (0.09, 0.49) * | 0.22 (0.02, 0.42) * |
| Mean EFSb, c, f | 0.05 (−0.16, 0.25) | 0.07 (−0.19, 0.33) | −0.02 (−0.17, 0.14) | 0.02 (−0.21, 0.25) | 1.02 × 10−3 (−0.23, 0.23) | −0.03 (−0.19, 0.13) |
| Mean ECNb, c, e | 0.15 (−0.05, 0.36) | 0.20 (−0.05, 0.45) | 0.15 (1.7 × 10 −3 , 0.30) * | 0.05 (−0.19, 0.28) | 0.17 (−0.06, 0.40) | 0.08 (−0.08, 0.24) |
| Endometrial thicknessb, c, f | 0.07 (−0.05, 0.18) | 0.06 (−0.07, 0.19) | 3.0 × 10−3 (−0.09, 0.09) | −0.02 (−0.15, 0.12) | 1.11 × 10−3 (−0.13, 0.13) | 0.01 (−0.08, 0.10) |
| Implantatione, g | 0.88 (0.56, 1.37) | 0.64 (0.35, 1.19) | 0.90 (0.62, 1.29) | 0.17 (0.59, 2.29) | 0.05 (0.68, 1.61) | 0.78 (0.52, 1.18) |
| Pregnancye, g | 0.76 (0.45, 1.49) | 0.89 (0.44, 1.82) | 0.81 (0.54, 1.21) | 1.16 (0.50, 2.71) | 0.90 (0.53, 1.53) | 0.85 (0.51, 1.41) |
| Live birthe, g | 0.66 (0.37, 1.19) | 0.85 (0.36, 2.36) | 0.71 (0.45, 1.12) | 1.03 (0.40, 2.67) | 0.80 (0.40, 1.59) | 0.69 (0.35, 1.32) |
NOTE: Statistically significant effects (P < 0.05) in boldface type
ECN embryo cell number, EFS embryo fragmentation score, M2 metaphase-2 arrest
aNegative binomial regression coefficients with natural log-transformed essential elements as predictors and adjusted for age, BMI, race, and cigarette smoking
bNatural log-transformed value
cLinear regression coefficients with natural log-transformed essential elements as predictors and adjusted for age, BMI, race, and cigarette smoking
dIntracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) only (n = 33)
e n = 2 missing values
f n = 3 missing values
gModified Poisson regression relative risks with natural log-transformed essential elements as predictors and adjusted for age, race, and cigarette smoking
hAdditional adjustment for urine creatinine (mg/dL)
* P < 0.05